Building an Organization II

In building an association, there are a ton of interesting points. Numerous inquiries to reply, numerous materials to compose and it is essential to have the enough limit (could be money related) and labor to understand the organization’s objective. In this specific association, the center is guided towards giving help and care to mishandled ladies and kids, at no expense. Building a moral association is a test made simple when, as an individual, seeing the hapless circumstance of these poor casualties of brutality, we expect to give a conclusion to their anguish and help them.We feel that it is our ethical commitment, given the conditions, to broaden our hand and offer as much as possible, completely change themselves as far as could be expected under the circumstances, and ideally motivate them to live their lives in general individual once more. II. Portrayal of the Organization As referenced in the principal draft of the organization’s profile. SHIELD Us, as it repr esents the accompanying objectives: S †Safety of the casualty is the highest need. The Organization manages mishandled ladies and kids and this issue is sensitive and risky now and again, for both the person in question and organization.Excessively beaten manhandled ladies and youngsters needs crisis care at the soonest conceivable time and sparing them is the highest need of SHIELD Us. In addition, incensed abusers may chase their got away from casualties and by so doing imperiling them by and by. What's more, casualties would be set under safe keeping by concealing them in a sheltered house blocked off by the abusers. Additionally, to give close checking with respect to the physical and psychological well-being of the person in question, for now and again they consider finishing their anguish. H †Helping with great enthusiasm and without asking anything in return.The Organization was established based on moral commitment, and by so doing ought to underscore that the Orga nization’s objective isn't to pick up benefit, fiscal or something else, yet rather, to stretch out open arms to the individuals who are tragically mishandled by their culprits, without requesting anything consequently, be it money related or benefits or something else. The Organization is based on the reason of offering free support, and unselective of individuals who can get entrance of the Organization’s administrations. I †Imparting time and love for the consideration of the impeded ladies and children.In times of emergency, these unfortunate casualties of viciousness experienced a grave difficulty. The least that the Organization can do is to offer them full focus and give them the adoring and mindful, as one individual must offer readily, to someone else, clean with any sentimental goal, but instead of an unadulterated love and care that they so merit and need. E †Enhancing information about the reasons why they experienced such undertakings. One of the Organization’s needs is open mindfulness and instruction with regards to the causes and underlying foundations of abuse.A specific casualty may accuse themselves or feel that it’s their shortcoming, or that they merit what befell them, the Organization means to expel that idea and would illuminate them about their trial. L †Love and trust, helping them live their lives once more. As a feature of the recovery program of the Organization, SHIELD Us intends to make accessible any assets, genuinely, inwardly, and intellectually, to help the casualties ready to remain all alone once more, and adventure out into the world again, completely prepared and heavily clad for another attempt in life.D †Dedicated to the reason for halting viciousness against ladies and kids. As the Vision of the Organization, SHIELD Us’ extreme objective is to kill viciousness against ladies and youngsters, everywhere throughout the world. It is the mantra of each work force inside the Organization to end whatever viciousness they would observer or came to know about. The Organization would use any methods conceivable, legitimately, to end this outrageous infringement of ladies and children’s option to live, as expected people in our community.Un-battered and immaculate, failing to go out with huge concealed eyeglasses, and thick make-up, to shroud their wounds and cuts; never fear getting back home; never be hesitant to submit botches; never be asking why they get mishandled †every one of these things and more †would be the Organization’s ultimate objective. SHIELD Us, is an association working all alone, autonomous of the administration and exclusively committed to offering support with no expense, and don't mean to raise any benefits at all for individual utilization of the Board of Directors and the representatives, and everyone inside the organization.Therefore, SHIELD Us is a Non-Government, Non-Profit Organization giving free sa fe house, clinical consideration and restoration for mishandled ladies and youngsters who are needing assistance. Consequently saying, the customer base fundamentally of this association would be manhandled ladies and youngsters who are needing making a difference. III. Statement of purpose: Mission: Providing a sheltered domain for mishandled ladies and youngsters, where they can get legitimate clinical consideration; suitable mental treatment and recovery; and appropriate guiding about the lawful operations of their cases, without judgment and keeping up their anonymity.The strategic tends to the methods on the most proficient method to accomplish a definitive objective of the Organization in destroying brutality against ladies and kids, everywhere throughout the world. As referenced in the abbreviation SHIELD Us, wellbeing for these people would be given through setting them in a sheltered situation a long way from their abusers. This can be accomplished through obtaining a great deal in a covered territory where it can not be effectively found and raising smaller than expected facilities for arrangement of first guides and for crisis situations.For mental treatment, since the Organization is non-productive, it would think that its simpler to welcome specialists to give free counsels and participate in the Organization’s cause. With respect to recovery, milieu treatment would be very fitting for these people, in this manner giving them safe and made sure about condition where they can discharge their feelings and not feel compromised and live in dread of being abused once more. With respect to the legalities, for instance, claims documented by the mishandled individual, the Organization would bolster the claim and the individual one hundred and one percent.If any case that the individual can not stand to support her protests, the Organization would discover a method of proceeding with the fight through requesting, requesting gifts, and welcoming lega l counselors to participate in the reason and give free administrations. The Organization’s esteems articulation plainly incorporates no going of judgment and working with the person without predisposition and carefully denies uncovering of data outside of the Organization, or even inside the Organization among staff who doesn’t have adequate position to pick up information about a specific circumstance or individuals.The following destinations and systems are clear as crystal and need no further extension. Targets: 1. To give a protected sanctuary where manhandled ladies and youngsters can remain for nothing. 2. To give free clinical consideration to mishandled ladies and kids. 3. To give free appropriate mental treatment to assist them with adapting to their enthusiastic injuries. 4. To give an ideal domain to restoration for manhandled ladies and kids for nothing. 5. To offer lawful guiding about their circumstance for nothing. 6. To support ladies and kids go to th e best possible specialists to report their trials. 7.To help out the best possible specialists and put culprits in prison. 8. To lead instructive classes on the fundamental indications of misuse, and what to do about it. 9. To give instruction to ladies and youngsters to additionally edify them about the root of misuse. 10. To have a self-preservation class accessible for ladies and kids for them to ensure themselves. 11. To go on missions to save ladies and kids who had been held hostage or was put in a truly unpleasant circumstance. 12. To take part in programs held by different associations with objectives of facilitating the reason for helping manhandled ladies and kids. 13.To keep up a tolerant and non-critical climate where ladies and kids can feel harmony and security. 14. To play out every one of these targets without predisposition and with genuineness. Systems: 1. Getting an open part in a hid territory where it can not be effectively found. 2. Raising a little center and two low-ascent quarters inside this part. 3. Requesting volunteer wellbeing laborers to continually man the facility day in and day out through moving calendars. 4. Welcoming volunteer clinician and therapist to join the association. 5. Following gifts from private associations and people to help support the organization.6. Enrolling for awards for different magnanimous associations. 7. Inviting legitimate advice to give their ability for the association for nothing. 8. Teaming up with different associations with similar goals. 9. Planning with the best possible foundation when revealing rates of misuse. 10. Conveying pamphlets, handout, and fliers to educate individuals regarding the organization’s presence. 11. Enrolling the assistance of a self-preservation teacher to hold free self-preservation classes for ladies and youngsters who needs to figure out how to secure their selves. 12.Conducting classes, around once per month about the early indications of misuse, and the v arious kinds of misuse. 13. Completing out-arrive at projects to support those ladies and youngsters who can not stand to escape their rustic settlements, at any rate once every month. 14. Including the network and making individuals mindful about the truth of misuse. 15. Organizing with the correct specialists when completing salvage missions. IV. Qualities Statement Values: 1. The association would not include itself in any noxious exchanges that would place the ladies and youngsters in its consideration at serious risk. a.In each association, we can not forestall any unlawful exchanges that may put the charges

The Concept of Customer Perceptions and Expectations With Respect To Essay

The Concept of Customer Perceptions and Expectations With Respect To Service Quality - Essay Example This paper shows that the administration nature of the movement and the travel industry has declined throughout the years with the ascent in the quantity of travelers and reduction in the cost of the tickets. The elements of administration quality are likewise estimated that are by and by conveyed by the business. A near examination of value discernments among various associations in a similar industry had helped in deciding the hole in the nature of the apparent and anticipated assistance. The current article has concentrated on a comprehensive investigation and the discoveries depend on various instruments and systems, which is suggested for the achievement of the business. These devices help in improving the administration nature of the movement and the travel industry ventures. Scholastics and analysts have been continually concentrating on estimation and conceptualization of variables related with administration quality just as its effect on the exhibition of organizations. Rega rdless of the extraordinary significance administration quality applies on the general vital arranging strategy and corporate achievement, no exact or perfect definitions have been created encompassing the idea of administration quality. The most exact and followed idea of administration quality was given by Parasuraman, Zeithaml, and Berry which characterized administration quality as â€Å"a worldwide judgment, or mentality, identifying with the prevalence of the service†. A large portion of the analysts and scholastics consent to the previously mentioned definition and tail it routinely. Administration quality can likewise be clarified as the general impression of a buyer with respect to the relative prevalence or mediocrity of an association just as its administrations. Conveying unrivaled help quality required fitting in with the desires for the clients on a customary and reliable way and offering them a superior quality assistance that their desires.

What do chemists do Find out on Khan Academy!

What do chemists do Find out on Khan Academy! Many students take chemistry classes, but they aren’t sure how their classroom knowledge might translate into careers in the real world. Thats why weve launched our Meet the chemistry professional series. We found people working in fields such as medicine, epidemiology, and software engineering, and with cool hobbies ranging from rock climbing to dog training:-  Syud Momtaz Ahmed, industrial scientist and tabla player-  Andrew Chadeayne, inventor and coonhound trainer-  Colin Fuller, software engineer and outdoor enthusiast-  Mary O’Reilly, science illustrator and comic strip writer-  Rachel Price, engineer and bike-traveler-  Jared Roop, forensics/analytical chemist and Cardinals fan-  Monica Shah, epidemiologist and bicyclist-  Karen Wheeler, physician and long distance runner-  George Zaidan, science media jack-of-all-trades and rock climberWe asked each person to share what they work on, how they became interested in chemistry, and what they do for fun. We also asked them to give one piece of advice for people interested in chemistry, and we got some great responses! A few advice snippets that I’d like to share:Develop an excellent understanding of the fundamentals. More often than not, the ‘smartest’ person in the room is the one who actually understands everything in a freshman chemistry book. - Andrew ChadeayneUnderstanding chemistry involves a lot of building mental models and understanding what details are ok to abstract away and what details are important. Thats something thats useful for many things, like the software development that I do nowadays. Chemistry is great, no matter what you end up doing. - Colin FullerChemistry has applications in many careers, so don’t feel limited in scope by the core areas that you study in school. It is also important to gain experience to truly understand how chemistry applies in different settings. -Monica ShahDo what feels right, not what (you think) other people (might) want you to do. - George Zaida nWe hope you enjoy getting to know these folks, and we look forward to adding more interviews to this series. If you have a chemistry-related career you’d like to learn more about, or if you know someone whom we might include, please let us know in the comments below!- Yuki, Khan Academy Chemistry Fellow

Chesapeake Bay And The Bay - 1574 Words

About 18 thousand years ago, glacial sheets from the last ice age begin to melt (Chesapeake Bay Program n.d.). As the glaciers melted the large volume of water began to raise sea levels. The rising seas levels engulfed the coast and flooded the Susquehanna river (â€Å"Geological History† n.d.). Once the seas levels have risen, the temperatures continued to rise changing the landscape. So â€Å"oak, maple, hickory, and other hardwood species started to appear† (Chesapeake Bay Program n.d.). Once the temperature increases even more hardwood forests and wetlands are created. As even more of the glaciers melt it floods the Susquehanna river more and it even floods the Potomac, James, and York rivers pouring into the Atlantic Ocean creating the Bay’s†¦show more content†¦The Bay is fed by 48 major rivers and 100 small tributaries draining a 64,000 square mile basin (â€Å"Geological History† n.d.). The Bay has a width of four miles near Aberdeen, Mary land to thirty miles near Cape Charles, Virginia (Chesapeake Bay Program n.d.). The average depth of the bay is 21 feet with troughs as deep as 174 feet deep (Chesapeake Bay Program n.d.). The main rivers of the Chesapeake Bay is the Susquehanna, Potomac, James, Rappahannock, Chester, Nanticoke, Patuxent, and the Choptank rivers (Sprague et al 2000). The main rivers of the Chesapeake Bay watershed send about 51 billion gallons of freshwater into the Bay each day (Chesapeake Bay Program n.d.). These rivers are homes to many fish, amphibians, invertebrates, and other animals. Not only do aquatic animals live in these rivers, plenty of aquatic plants live there too (Chesapeake Bay Program n.d.). There are many factors that could affect the health of the Chesapeake Bay including litter, debris, sediment pollution, chemical contaminants, and any man made objects (Chesapeake Bay Program n.d.). Any litter and debris will work its way up to the Bay from the rivers and smother any grass beds along with bottom dwelling creators and add chemical contaminants to the water. Any excess nutrients that come from urban runoff or vehicle emissions will cause harmful algae to grow which blocks sunlight and does not allow plants to grow due to low oxygen dead zonesShow MoreRelatedThe Chesapeake Bay And The Bay1875 Words   |  8 Pages â€Æ' The Chesapeake Bay, which derives from the Algonquin word Chesepiooc meaning â€Å"great shellfish bay†, has been around for a very long time. Approximately 35 million years ago, a rare bolide (a comet- or asteroid-like object) hit what is now the lower tip of the Delmarva Peninsula, creating a 55-mile-wide crater. The bolide created what geologists call the â€Å"Exmore Crater,† which they believe was as large as Rhode Island and as deep as the Grand Canyon. 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The Chesapeake Bay is what is known as a watershed, an area that contributes to the drainage to a water body, stream, river, lake or ocean. Rainwater that falls within the 64,000 square miles that is the Chesapeake Bay will subsequently travel through many streamsRead MoreThe Chesapeake Bay Watershed1172 Words   |  5 Pageslong lasting consequences. The opportunity to act is right where anyone stands and the closest one to this area is known as the Chesapeake Bay watershed. Therefore, the amount of nutrients going into the Chesapeake Bay should be reduced since the use of fertilizers has increased dramatically over time causing water pollution and the death of many species. The Chesapeake Bay Watershed is the largest one in the Atlantic Seaboard of North America; it covers 64,000 square miles of the United States, startingRead MoreThe Chesapeake Bay Colonies988 Words   |  4 Pagesof years, usually between four and seven, in exchange for transportation to the colonies. 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The ChesapeakeRead MoreThe Waste Disposal Of The Chesapeake Bay982 Words   |  4 PagesAccording to Robert Diaz and Rutger Rosenberg, â€Å"Dead zones have now been reported from more than 400 systems, affecting a total area of more than 245,000 square kilometers, and are probably a key stressor on marine ecosystems.† Specifically, the Chesapeake Bay has bee n polluted to the point where areas have now been uninhabitable to marine life. Although waste disposal is a difficult issue to solve, polluting bodies of water endangers the marine life, environment, and health of organisms. While the

Tobacco s Effects On Our Population - 828 Words

Introduction Many individuals struggle with the effects of tobacco and the ramifications that comes with being a smoker. For decades, tobacco has caused various forms of cancer and health related issues. Since this has become an issue, coalitions and organizations are banding together to control this situation. The Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act, The Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act of 2009, The Federal Cigarette Labeling and Advertising Act, Public Health Service Act of 1944 and the Federal Advisory Committee Act of 1972 are all trying to utilize tobacco s effects on our population. According to the CDC, the Food and Drug Act of 1906, states that 1914 interpretation advised that tobacco be included only when used to cure, mitigate, or prevent disease. (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2015) In 1953-1959 false claims stated that tobacco could aide health issues, not until 1984 was tobacco considered a drug. This is when the FDA asserted alternative n icotine products to help tobacco users quit smoking. It wasn t until 1987 when Public Law 100-202, banned smoking on domestic airline flights two hours or less. In 1989, airlines banned smoking from fights six hours or less and in 1992 banning sale of tobacco to minors. (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2015) The laws will continue to increase thereafter to our present day showing that our communities do not want tobacco to devour our streets and neighborhoods. In 2015/2016,Show MoreRelated`` 1493 : Uncovering The New World Columbus Created By Charles C. Mann966 Words   |  4 PagesNew World Columbus Created, Charles C. Mann enlightens and captures how Columbus’s expeditions united the lands of Eurasia and America. It is a well-written and informational book that successfully displays much of the development and foundation of our present all from the European discovery of the new world. Charles C. 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In addition, it will focuses on the how ETS becomes a problem for Children in American household as well as in other well developed nations. It will describe the effects that has among children living in contaminated environment by Second Hand Smoke. One of the health effects can be Asthma, which is provoked by their parents who smoke in their vicinity. Furthermore, thereRead MoreThe Cost Of Addiction / Substance Abuse Essay936 Words   |  4 PagesAnalysis of the Cost of Addiction/Substance Abuse Stevens Smith (2013) ascertain that alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs have cost $180-$484 billion dollars annually, yet that dollar estimate does not include what damage it causes to the family and victims of substance abuse users. In contrast, research indicates to use caution when deciphering the costs of substance abuse due to new data that is constantly changing (Single, 2009). 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The first Surgeon General’s Report on smoking and health was released in 1964. In today’s society, smoking is not so attractive... It is strange to watch movies of years gone by when Hollywood stars would pose as smokers in a setting such as a hospital, restaurant, or airport. While the Marlboro man would ride horseback across the screen in commercials

Type of Decision Making Enviroment Free Essays

string(257) " to decide this question by weighing the reasons pro and con \(what are the benefits and drawbacks of getting married\) and then to move to the next part of the process, the identification of criteria \(supportive, easy going, competent, affectionate, etc\." .:VirtualSalt Introduction to Decision Making, Part 1 Robert Harris Version Date: June 9, 2012 Previous versions: December 2, 2009, October 17, 2008; July 2, 1998 We all make decisions of varying importance every day, so the idea that decision making can be a rather sophisticated art may at first seem strange. However, studies have shown that most people are much poorer at decision making than they think. We will write a custom essay sample on Type of Decision Making Enviroment or any similar topic only for you Order Now An understanding of what decision making involves, together with a few effective techniques, will help you make better decisions. What is Decision Making? Some Definitions A good place to start is with some standard definitions of decision making. 1. Decision making is the study of identifying and choosing alternatives based on the values and preferences of the decision maker. Making a decision implies that there are alternative choices to be considered, and in such a case we want not only to identify as many of these alternatives as possible but to choose the one that (1) has the highest probability of success or effectiveness and (2) best fits with our goals, desires, lifestyle, values, and so on. The two important ideas here are that first, there must be some genuine alternatives to choose from among. Note that â€Å"Do it† or â€Å"Don’t do it† does not qualify as a set of alternatives. Only â€Å"Do this† or â€Å"Do something else† really qualfies. Second, every decision must be made in the light of some standard of judgment. This standard usually gets expressed in the form of criteria, which reflect the values and preferences of the decision maker. These values and preferences are often influenced by corporate rules or culture, law, best practices, and so forth. 2. Decision making is the process of sufficiently reducing uncertainty and doubt about alternatives to allow a reasonable choice to be made from among them. This definition stresses the information-gathering function of decision making. It should be noted here that uncertainty is reduced rather than eliminated. Very few decisions are made with absolute certainty because complete knowledge about all the alternatives is seldom possible. Thus, every decision involves a certain amount of risk. If there is no uncertainty, you do not have a decision; you have an algorithm–a set of steps or a recipe that is followed to bring about a fixed result. Kinds of Decisions There are several basic kinds of decisions. 1. Decisions whether. This is the yes/no, either/or decision that must be made before we proceed with the selection of an alternative. Should I buy a new TV? Should I travel this summer? Decisions whether are made by weighing reasons pro and con. A simple worksheet with two columns (one for Pro–reasons for, and one with Con–reasons against) can be useful for this kind of decision. It is important to be aware of having made a decision whether, since too often we assume that decision making begins with the identification of alternatives, assuming that the decision to choose one has already been made. . Decisions which. These decisions involve a choice of one or more alternatives from among a set of possibilities, the choice being based on how well each alternative measures up to a set of predefined criteria. 3. Contingent decisions. These are decisions that have been made but put on hold until some condition is met. For example, I have decided to buy that car if I can get it for the right pric e; I have decided to write that article if I can work the necessary time for it into my schedule. OR even, We’ll take the route through the valley if we can control the ridge and if we detect no enemy activity to the north. Most people carry around a set of already made, contingent decisions, just waiting for the right conditions or opportunity to arise. Time, energy, price, availability, opportunity, encouragement–all these factors can figure into the necessary conditions that need to be met before we can act on our decision. Some contingent decisions are unstated or even exist below the awareness of the decision maker. These are the type that occur when we seize opportunity. We don’t walk around thinking, â€Å"If I see a new laser printer for $38, I’ll buy it,† but if we happen upon a deal like that and we have been contemplating getting a new printer, the decision is made quickly. Decisions made in sports and warfare are like this. The best contingent and opportunistic decisions are made by the prepared mind–one that has thought about criteria and alternatives in the past. 4 . Contingent alternatives. Similar to contingent decisions, contingent alternatives involve two or more choices of action, one of which will be taken when the appropriate trigger occurs. Often this trigger is an event or more information. For example, If tomorrow is cloudy or rainy, we will mount a ground attack through the pass, but if the day is clear, we will launch an air strike to the north. OR, if, after this patch attempt, the leak is under 50 gallons per minute, we will sail to the home port for a repair. But if the leak is over 50 gpm, we will stay here and order a replacement pump. Decision Making is a Recursive Process A critical factor that decision theorists sometimes neglect to emphasize is that in spite of the way the process is presented on paper, decision making is a nonlinear, recursive process. That is, most decisions are made by moving back and forth between the choice of criteria (the characteristics we want our choice to meet) and the identification of alternatives (the possibilities we can choose from among). The alternatives available influence the criteria we apply to them, and similarly the criteria we establish influence the alternatives we will consider. Let’s look at an example to clarify this. Suppose someone wants to decide, Should I get married? Notice that this is a decision whether. A linear approach to decision making would be to decide this question by weighing the reasons pro and con (what are the benefits and drawbacks of getting married) and then to move to the next part of the process, the identification of criteria (supportive, easy going, competent, affectionate, etc. You read "Type of Decision Making Enviroment" in category "Essay examples" ). Next, we would identify alternatives likely to have these criteria (Kathy, Jennifer, Michelle, Julie, etc. ). Finally we would evaluate each alternative according to the criteria and choose the one that best meets the criteria. We would thus have a scheme like this: decision whether †¦ select criteria †¦ identify alternatives †¦ atch criteria to alternatives †¦ make choice However, the fact is that our decision whether to get married may really be a contingent decision. â€Å"I’ll get married if I can find the right person. † It will thus be influenced by the identification of alt ernatives, which we usually think of as a later step in the process. Similarly, suppose we have arrived at the â€Å"identify alternatives† stage of the process when we discover that Jennifer (one of the girls identified as an alternative) has a wonderful personality characteristic that we had not even thought of before, but that we now really want to have in a wife. We immediately add that characteristic to our criteria. Thus, the decision making process continues to move back and forth, around and around as it progresses in what will eventually be a linear direction but which in its actual workings is highly recursive. Key point, then, is that the characteristics of the alternatives we discover will often revise the criteria we have previously identified. The Components of Decision Making The Decision Environment Every decision is made within a decision environment, which is defined as the collection of information, alternatives, values, and preferences available at the time of the decision. An ideal decision environment would include all possible information, all of it accurate, and every possible alternative. However, both information and alternatives are constrained because the time and effort to gain information or identify alternatives are limited. The time constraint simply means that a decision must be made by a certain time. The effort constraint reflects the limits of manpower, money, and priorities. (You wouldn’t want to spend three hours and half a tank of gas trying to find the very best parking place at the mall. Since decisions must be made within this constrained environment, we can say that the major challenge of decision making is uncertainty, and a major goal of decision analysis is to reduce uncertainty. We can almost never have all information needed to make a decision with certainty, so most decisions involve an undeniable amount of risk. The fact that decisions must be made within a limiting decision environment suggests two things. First, it explains why hindsight is so much more accurate and better at making decisions that foresight. As time passes, the decision environment continues to grow and expand. New information and new alternatives appear–even after the decision must be made. Armed with new information after the fact, the hindsighters can many times look back and make a much better decision than the original maker, because the decision environment has continued to expand. The second thing suggested by the decision-within-an-environment idea follows from the above point. Since the decision environment continues to expand as time passes, it is often advisable to put off making a decision until close to the deadline. Information and alternatives continue to grow as time passes, so to have access to the most information and to the best alternatives, do not make the decision too soon. Now, since we are dealing with real life, it is obvious that some alternatives might no longer be available if too much time passes; that is a tension we have to work with, a tension that helps to shape the cutoff date for the decision. Delaying a decision as long as reasonably possible, then, provides three benefits: 1. The decision environment will be larger, providing more information. There is also time for more thoughtful and extended analysis. 2. New alternatives might be recognized or created. Version 2. 0 might be released. 3. The decision maker’s preferences might change. With further thought, wisdom, and maturity, you may decide not to buy car X and instead to buy car Y. And delaying a decision involves several risks: 1. As the decision environment continues to grow, the decision maker might become overwhelmed with too much information and either make a poorer decision or else face decision paralysis. 2. Some alternatives might become unavailable because of events occurring during the delay. In a few cases, where the decision was between two alternatives (attack the pass or circle around behind the large rock), both alternatives might become unavailable, leaving the decision maker with nothing. And we have all had the experience of seeing some amazing bargain only to hesitate and find that when we go back to buy the item, it is sold out. 3. In a competitive environment, a faster rival might make the decision and gain advantage. Another manufacturer might bring a similar product to market before you (because that company didn’t delay the decision) or the opposing army might have seized the pass while the other army was â€Å"letting the decision environment grow. † The Effects of Quantity on Decision Making Many decision makers have a tendency to seek more information than required to make a good decision. When too much information is sought and obtained, one or more of several problems can arise. (1) A delay in the decision occurs because of the time required to obtain and process the extra information. This delay could impair the effectiveness of the decision or solution. (2) Information overload will occur. In this state, so much information is available that decision-making ability actually declines because the information in its entirety can no longer be managed or assessed appropriately. A major problem caused by information overload is forgetfulness. When too much information is taken into memory, especially in a short period of time, some of the information (often that received early on) will be pushed out. The example is sometimes given of the man who spent the day at an information-heavy seminar. At the end of the day, he was not only unable to remember the first half of the seminar but he had also forgotten where he parked his car that morning. (3) Selective use of the information will occur. That is, the decision maker will choose from among all the information available only those facts which support a preconceived solution or position. (4) Mental fatigue occurs, which results in slower work or poor quality work. (5) Decision fatigue occurs where the decision maker tires of making decisions. Often the result is fast, careless decisions or even decision paralysis–no decisions are made at all. The quantity of information that can be processed by the human mind is limited. Unless information is consciously selected, processing will be biased toward the first part of the information received. After that, the mind tires and begins to ignore subsequent information or forget earlier information. (Have you ever gone shopping for something where you looked at many alternatives–cars, knives, phones, TVs–only to decide that you liked the first one best? Decision Streams A common misconception about decision making is that decisions are made in isolation from each other: you gather information, explore alternatives, and make a choice, without regard to anything that has gone before. The fact is, decisions are made in a context of other decisions. The typical metaphor used to explain this is that of a stream. There is a stream of decisions surrounding a given dec ision, many decisions made earlier have led up to this decision and made it both possible and limited. Many other decisions will follow from it. Another way to describe this situation is to say that most decisions involve a choice from a group of preselected alternatives, made available to us from the universe of alternatives by the previous decisions we have made. Previous decisions have â€Å"activated† or â€Å"made operable† certain alternatives and â€Å"deactivated† or â€Å"made inoperable† others. For example, when you decide to go to the park, your decision has been enabled by many previous decisions. You had to decide to live near the park; you had to decide to buy a car or learn about bus routes, and so on. And your previous decisions have constrained your subsequent ones: you can’t decide to go to a park this afternoon if it is three states away. By deciding to live where you do, you have both enabled and disabled a whole series of other decisions. As another example, when you enter a store to buy a DVD player or TV, you are faced with the preselected alternatives stocked by the store. There may be 200 models available in the universe of models, but you will be choosing from, say, only a dozen. In this case, your decision has been constrained by the decisions made by others about which models to carry. We might say, then, that every decision (1) follows from previous decisions, (2) enables many future decisions, and (3) prevents other future decisions. People who have trouble making decisions are sometimes trapped by the constraining nature of decision making. Every decision you make precludes other decisions, and therefore might be said to cause a loss of freedom. If you decide to marry Terry, you no longer can decide to marry Shawn. However, just as making a decision causes a loss of freedom, it also creates new freedom, new choices and new possibilities. So making a decision is liberating as well as constraining. And a decision left unmade will often result in a decision by default or a decision being made for you. It is important to realize that every decision you make affects the decision stream and the collections of alternatives available to you both immediately and in the future. In other words, decisions have far reaching consequences. Go to Introduction to Decision Making, Part 2 Introduction to Decision Making, Part 3 Other Tools for Creative Thinking and Problem Solving Critical Thinking Course Homepage Introduction to Creative Thinking Creative Thinking Techniques Criteria for Evaluating a Creative Solution Introduction to Problem Solving Human-Factor Phenomena in Problem Solving Problem Solving Techniques Biases Affecting Information Processing Decision Making Techniques Decision Simplification Techniques Difficulties Created by the Videographic Presentation of Information Why Are We So Busy? Truths of the Information Age VirtualSalt Home Copyright 1998, 2009, 2012 by Robert Harris | How to cite this page w w w . v i r t u a l s a l t . c o m About the author: Robert Harris is a writer and educator with more than 25 years of teaching experience at the college and university level. RHarris at virtualsalt. com How to cite Type of Decision Making Enviroment, Essay examples

Southern Voting Behavior Essays - , Term Papers

Southern Voting Behavior Southern Voting behavior since the 1960's Voters in many areas of the U.S. are apt to vote differently as a whole from election to election. The nation has also had a decreased turnout rate for the presidential and local elections. The South has typically not followed these patterns that the rest of has seemed to be following. The Southern whites of the U.S. have typically followed and voted for the more conservative candidate and party. Where as the Southern blacks have typically (when they have been able to vote) voted for the more liberal party or candidate. The South was at one time a Democratic stronghold and has in the past 30 years become a typically conservative voting electorate. This tendency of voting by race for the liberal or conservative candidate has been a continuing occurrence. Southern turn out for elections has been significantly lower than the rest of the nation as well over the same time period. This bias of the past 30 years as well as voter turn out has only recently began to change in the So! uth. In the beginning of and prior to the 1960's the South was a Democratic stronghold and it was rare for there to be any competition from Republicans in these non competitive states (Mulcahy p.56). A poll taken in the 1960's showed that " the southern states were the obvious stronghold of Democratic identification. The extreme case was Louisiana, where 66% identified with the Democratic party"(Black p.44). This all began to change as the Democratic party became more liberal in its national policy views. The Democrats became too liberal in their policies concerning civil rights for the white Southerners to continue voting for them. (Mulcahy p.40). This reason along with others is what drove the Southern whites to change there voting habits of the last 100 years. The white Southerners began to vote for presidents of the Republican party and for Independents such as the Dixiecrats, because they were more conservative on a national scale. The Largest change of the Southern voters o! ccurred in 1960 when "the southern white Protestant presidential vote went Republican"(Wayne p62). This would of allowed for the democrats to lose the south if the black electorate had not voted Democrat. The black Southern voters at the time of the 1960's were just again able to participate with their rights to vote. This was because shortly after the Civil War and reconstruction the Southern whites reduced and eventually removed the short lived black political power. They added laws that made it mandatory to take tests for voter eligibility, as well as discouraging black voting at all. This discrimination greatly reduced if not completely halted black voting in the south until the 1950's and 1960's. It was not until 1965 that the Voting Rights Act was passed that prohibited literacy tests for federal elections did blacks obtain their constitutional right to vote (Wayne p.70). Many blacks did in fact support the Republican party for quite a long time because they were known as the party of reconstruction and freeing of the slaves. Black voting turned towards the Democrats in the 1930's and 40's on the advice of "One N.A.A.C.P. leader? Turn your pictures of Lincoln to the wa! ll, the debt is paid in full"(Mulcahy p 37). This black voting for the Democrats created a problem in of its self, that the Blacks were continuing to vote for the local white conservative Democrats, that upheld the traditional Southern white views. This lead to the continued power of the oppressive whites, even though the party platform was one of reform. It was not until the early 70's that when the Republicans won the election for the governor of Virginia was the two party system fully revived in the south (U.S. news p. 210). This two party system allowed Democrats to run on a more liberal platform, which gave the blacks the representation that they wanted. Voting in the South since the 1960's has followed the pattern of voting for the most staunch conservative, or protector of Southern whites views. In the 1968 election Southern whites in the Deep South voted for George C. Wallace, while the rest of the South split on Nixon and Hubert Humphrey. In the Election of 1972 This trend seemed to continue, in that Nixon was the more conservative of the two Presidential Nominees and thus he carried the South. In the 1976 Election it

Bottom of the pyramid Essay Example

Bottom of the pyramid Essay Example Bottom of the pyramid Essay Bottom of the pyramid Essay An evaluation of the merits of targeting customers at the bottom of the pyramid. In what sectors and in which ways, if any, do the considerations raised by this approach alter the strategies of multinational corporations selling into emerging markets? Graduate Institute of International Studies, Geneva May 2007 Maja Regg International Business Second Assignment The income pyramid in emerging markets can be divided in four segments: From top down, it contains the global, the glocal, the local segments and the bottom of the pyramid (BOP). According to an approach first introduced by C. K. Prahalad, the BOP is an untapped market. He maintains that multinational corporations (MNCs) which sell to the poor will not only gain huge profits, but also alleviate poverty. l In this paper, I will evaluate the merits of the BOP approach from a business perspective by focusing on the strategic implications for a MNC willing to sell to the BOP. Taking the example of India, I will first define the market at the BOP in terms of size and characteristics. Then, I will discuss three dimensions in which the BOP approach alters the corporate strategies of MNCs, namely the collaboration with nontraditional artners, the efforts for custom solutions and the creation of a local base of support. After each dimension, I will evaluate the success of such a strategy for MNCs active in the sectors of basic sanitary products and prostheses. Finally, I will compare the prospect of profits for MNCs with those of local firms. Prahalad is not very consistent when defining the upper limit of the BOP. Yet the mostly used fgure is a dividing rule of 1500$ income per year. In the case of India, however, this definition is inadequate, as it would include 94% of the whole population. 2 Instead, I propose to adopt Aneel Karnanis delimitation line of 2$ ncome per day. 3 Measured this way, the bottom of the pyramid contains 87. 5% of the rural and 61. 5% of the urban population, or roughly three quarters of the total population. 4 This definition has the two following implications. Firstly, in terms of market size, the BOP in India is still very large, containing 750 million people. Secondly, in terms of purchasing power, the market is very limited due to the small disposable income of the customers. Therefore, the fortune at the BOP might be smaller than suggested by Prahalad and his associates. consumption that people at the BOP present. About a quarter of them earn less than 1 $ per day, living in extreme poverty. According to Karnani and Sachs, they cannot meet the basic needs for survival such as nutrition, health care, safe drinking water, sanitation, education for children, adequate shelter and clothing. The remaining moderate poor, earning 1$-2$ per day, can Prahalad C. K. and Hart S. , The Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid, 2002; Prahalad C. K. and Hammond A. , Serving the Worlds Poor, Profitably, 2002; Hammond A. and Prahalad C. K. , Selling to the Poor, 2004. 2 World Bank figures from 2004, Povcal Net http://iresearch. orldbank. org/PovcalNet/ jsp/index. Jsp 3 Karnani A. , Mirage at the bottom of the pyramid, August 2006 4 World Bank, op. cit. -2- meet their basic needs, but Just barely. 5 According to the Indian government, poor people spend 60-65% of their income solely on food. On miscellaneous services between 15-19% of the income are spent. This means that on products from such sectors as health, entertainment and communications, people at the BOP can spend between O and 0. 38$ per day. I agree with Karnani that such a small disposable income does not allow these people to buy luxury products. In India, the consumers t the BOP are likely to buy only very cheap and much needed products. This conclusion is in tension with Prahalads opinion. He maintains that every product even luxury ones can be sold in large quantities as long as the MNCs adapt their strategies to the BOP market. The advices he gives concerning these altered strategies will be introduced in the following. Based on a framework elaborated by London and Hart7, I will classify these strategic advices in three dimensions: The collaboration with non-traditional partners, the elaboration of a custom solution and the creation of a local base of support. I will test each of these dimensions of corporate strategy with two MNCs belonging to different sectors and willing to sell their products to the Indian BOP. The first sector concerns basic sanitary products. Specifically, I will refer to a MNC selling soaps, such as the example of Hindustan Lever Ltd. 8, often cited by Prahalad. The second sectors concerns prostheses. The a MNC disposed to start a comparable venture selling lower limb prostheses to the poor. The first strategic dimension refers to the collaboration with non-traditional partners, which should be part of the non-market strategy of the MNCs. According to Prahalad, in order for a MNC to be successful, its venture must not adopt a Western corporate strategy. It has to get the deepest possible insight in the business environment at the BOP. This is done best by collaborating with non-traditional partners such as NGOs and local firms, which know the characteristics of the BOP very well. 0 Nevertheless, especially organisations with a strong social mission are likely to be sceptical to deal with MNCs. Therefore, the MNCs will have to show the social value of their ventures. Furthermore, MNCs might have to get used to very different working styles of their ew partners. 5 Karnani A. , op. cit. ; Sachs D. , The end of poverty, March 2005 Karnani A. , op. cit. 7 London T. and Hart S. , Reinve nting strategies for emerging markets: beyond the transnational model, 2004 8 Michigan Business School, student case study: Selling Health: Hindustan Lever Ltd. nd the Soap Market 9 Michigan Business School, student case study: Jaipur Foot: Challenging Convention 10 London T. and Hart S. , op. cit. 6 -3- Both the MNC selling soaps as well as the one selling prostheses could undertake various efforts to establish such partnerships. In order to get used to different working styles, they could send some of their executives to live several months in Indias rural areas. Furthermore, the MNCs could win the goodwill of the organisations by launching campaigns emphasizing their products added-value in terms of improvement of hygiene and living conditions. One has to keep in mind, though, that the efforts made in this first strategic dimension imply significant costs for the MNCs. solutions. These advices concern the market strategy and advance two aspects, which MNCs have to consider: The price of the product and the business model. As we have seen above, due to the extremely low income of Indians at the BOP, a very low price is essential. MNCs normally use economies of scale to reduce their production costs and consequently their selling price. As an additional way to lower the price, Prahalad further suggests to sell products as cheap single serves. Karnani, on the contrary, maintains that the only way to reduce costs is by reducing quality. 11 What are the implications for the two MNCs considered here? For the MNC selling soap, the strategy advices work out: As the product is very basic, it can be sold across several regions without much customisation. Therefore, the MNC can use economies of scale to produce cheap soaps. They can also offer single serves of soap and sell them very cheaply. Finally, even if they have to reduce quality in order to keep the price very low, the people at the BOP will still consume the product in large quantities. The situation for the MNC selling prostheses is very different: It can only rely on economies of scale to a very low degree as its product has to be highly customised. Furthermore, there is no such thing as a single serve of prosthesis. And finally, the product is something poor people will have to save for during a long time eriod. 12 Therefore, they will have higher expectancies concerning the quality of the prostheses. 13 For all these reasons, I conclude that the first aspect of a custom solution, the low price, is easier to obtain in the case of soaps than in the case of prostheses. 1 Karnani, op. cit. As a reference, Jaipur Foot sells its prostheses at the price of 30$. According to the consumption patterns mentioned above, a person at the BOP would have to save all his income designated to miscellaneous services during 2. 5 to 6 months. (Michigan Business School, student case study: Jaipur Foot: Challenging Convention) 13 The example of the Jaipur Foot shows that lower limb pr ostheses must be adapted to the specific needs of the rural, agricultural population. To attain a sufficiently functional product, a high quality both in terms of material and design is necessary. Michigan Business School, student case study: Jaipur Foot: Challenging Convention) 12 -4- The second aspect of co-inventing custom solutions is the business model. In India, a out into vast rural areas, which are not well accessible because of lack of infrastructure. Nevertheless, in order to sell in very large quantities, the distribution has to reach a national coverage. Additionally, as Karnani suggests, the cost of delivery is further increased by the small size of each transaction. 14 In order to overcome these challenges, London and Hart suggest that the business model should involve multiple distributors. This participatory approach has the merit to reach out to rural areas and to raise the income of the distributors. 1 5 For the MNC selling soaps, such a participatory approach involving multiple distributors makes sense. It could try to sell the soaps in village shops or through local entrepreneurs, as shown by the HLLs business model for the Annapurna salt, engaging local women ntrepreneurs, so-called Shaktis. 16 The soaps can therefore be made accessible in Indias poor rural areas. Combined with the facts that the product covers a basic need and is cheap, as seen above, a lot of people at the BOP will buy the soaps. In the case of the MNC selling prostheses, the participatory approach of distribution is not practicable. The fitting of lower limb prostheses requires very specific skills, which are not likely to be found in a sufficient number of villages. Consequently, as the product is not accessible easily, poor people would have to travel, which means additional costs for them. Having seen their extremely low income, it is therefore not probable, that this MNC will sell a high enough quantity of prostheses. In conclusion, the MNC selling soaps is more able to adopt a business model adjusted to the BOP than the MNC selling prostheses. Finally, I come to the third dimension of strategic implications proposed by Prahalad and his associates. It refers to the non-market strategy of building a local base of support. As India is trying to promote its own MNCs, it is less receptive for foreign firms coming in. The Western MNCs therefore have to invest in alliances and raise oodwill among local authorities. A MNC which wants to leverage the size of the Indian BOP market has to be present in many Indian states. This increases the number of authorities at state-level which have to be dealt with. Such an extended non-market strategy again raises the cost of the venture. This is the case for both the MNC selling soaps as well as the one selling prostheses. 14 London and Hart, op. cit. 16 Michigan Business School, student case study: Annapurna Salt: Public Health and Private Enterprise 15 -5_ To conclude the analysis of the strategic implications of Prahalads approach, I would ike to point out that altering the corporate strategy in order to sell to the poor does not work out for every MNC. Both the MNC selling soap and the one selling prostheses will have to face increased costs in their non-market strategy, particularly in order to establish partnerships and build a local base of support. However, in the case of the soap, the very low price and farreaching distribution allows for large volume sales. Therefore, the profits made through the market strategy can outweigh the costs caused by the adaption to the non-market environment. This is not the case or the prostheses venture: As the price cannot be reduced enough and accessibility is difficult, the product cannot be sold in a large enough quantity as to outweigh the costs of the venture. When analysing these corporate strategies in a Ghemawatl 7 framework, we can see that the MNC selling soap adopts a strategy focusing primarily on aggregation and arbitrage and a little bit on adaption. Contrariwise, the MNC selling prostheses has to emphasize on adaption and arbitrage, while not being able to reduce costs through aggregation, that is, economies of scale. According to Khanna and Palepu18, local irms in emerging markets face less adaption costs: They know the local market structure better, they tend to overcome distribution challenges more easily and they do not have to deal with institutional obstacles. Therefore, particularly the MNCs willing to sell products to the BOP which need a lot of adaption, will have to face the additional challenge of rivalry by local firms. I conclude by stating that the BOP approach is profitable only for MNCs in certain sectors. In order for a MNC to be successful in the BOP market, it has to sell a product which corresponds to the basic needs of poor people, which can be sold at a ery low price, does not have to be of high quality and can be made very accessible. Contrariwise, MNCs selling products which need a lot of adaption, are more expensive and less accessible do not have good prospects for gaining profits at the BOP. Furthermore, as local firms are better placed to sell products with a high degree of adaption, these latter MNCs will additionally face the threat of competition. Therefore, I maintain that whether or not a fortune can be made at the BOP depends very much on the type of product the MNC offers to the poor. 17 Ideas taken from: Ghemawat P. The Forgotten Strategy, 2003 Tarun Khanna and Krishna G. Palepu. Emerging Giants: Building World-Class Competitors in Developing countries, 2006 18 -6- Bibliography Articles Ghemawat P. , The Forgotten Strategy, Harvard Business Review, 2003 Hammond A. and Prahalad C. K. , Selling to the Poor, Foreign Policy, May/June 2004 London T. and Hart S. , Reinventing strategies for emerging markets: beyond the transnational model, Journal of International Business Studies, 2004 Karnani A. , Mirage at the bottom of the pyramid, William Davidson Institute Working Paper Number 835, August 2006 Prahalad C. K. and Hart S. The Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid, Strategy and Competition, Issue 26, 2002 Prahalad C. K. and Hammond A. , Serving the Worlds Poor, Profitably, Harvard Business Review, September 2002 Sachs D. , The end of poverty, Time Magazine, March 2005 Tarun Khanna and Countries. Harvard Business Review. October 2006 Websites Michigan Business School, student case studies, bus. umich. edu/FacultyResearch/ResearchCenters/ProgramsPartnersh ips/ ITChampions/default. htm World Bank fgures from 2004, Povcal Net http://iresearch. worldbank. org/PovcalNet/Jsp/index. Jsp

Stunning College Basketball Players

Stunning College Basketball Players Best college basketball players ever: Top 10 Sport is our healthy life. Fortunately, it is becoming more and more popular nowadays. Now is exactly that period of time when stars of college basketball starts shining. Yes, college basketball is very popular now. So, if you feel exhilarated about it, let us present you a list of 10 top stunning college basketball players. SF Jaylen Brown Ranked by 10th position, Jaylen Brown always does his best to contribute greatly for Cal`s success. And, he always manages to do so. Brown main specialty is that he attacks the basket in a very proper way and thanks to his size makes it impossible for opponents to do something against the hit. He helps a lot to prospect Cal and lead it to unprecedented success. PG Tyler Ulis Position number 9 is for Tyler Ulis here in this list of the best college basketball players. He is from Kentucky College and is well-known for being signature floater. Ulis has many chances to lead Kentucky to a real success in various competitions. He is also well-known for being a great distributor. Besides it, Ulis can perfectly attack the basket any time needed. G Brandon Ingram Number 8 is for Brandon Ingram from Duke. He is considered to be a top player. Ingram is able to professionally attack the basket. He also shoots greatly: over 40% from behind the three-point line. Despite the fact he is a good player now and has all physical characteristics required, Ingram still needs to get stronger to achieve a real success and all his goals. PG Melo Trimble Melo Trimble is a basketball player from the Maryland College. He is always ready to attack the basket. In addition, Trimble is good in jumpers` hitting. He is also considered to be a solid scorer. PG Kris Dunn Kris is a player from the school of Providence. He is one of the top NBA personalities in the tournament. Dunn is thought to be an excellent passer and defender. He always proves it while playing. C Jakob Poeltl The next player in this list is Jacob Poeltl, Utah. He is famous for his professional skill set. Poeltl can score on the block properly and knock down a mid-range jumper. In general, he is solid on the boards. Besides it, Jacob performs block tricks very often. G Grayson Allen One more player from the Duke College, Grayson Allen is ranked now number 4. He is claimed to be one of the most controversial college basketball player. Allen always helps his team to win a game or tournaments, using his perfect skills. He has 41% three-point shooting this season of games. PF Brice Johnson Brice Johnson from the North Carolina is said to be the most stunning basketball player around the country with the very best skills of scoring and rebounding. He always shows his the strongest sides and keeps the opposite team in a great tension. He is expected to make a great deep run and become the best player of tournament. G Buddy Hield A basketball player from the Oklahoma school, Buddy Hield, is ranked number 2 here. He is also considered to be one of the most successful scorers throughout the country. It won`t be a great surprise if Hield will lead the Sooners to the great Final Four. Denzel Valentine And finally, the position number one in the list of the best college basketball players is for Denzel Valentine, Michigan State. Both Denzel Valentine and Buddy Hield have battled for this top position and the title of the most stunning player. Speaking about Valentine, he is one of the best scorers. He is also good in observing the floor and distributing the ball to other teammates.   His physical features also contribute greatly to the success as a college basketball player. So, this was the list of the most amazing college basketball players. Maybe a new tournament will bring us new champions and titles.

Hypotheses- Quantitative Analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Hypotheses- Quantitative Analysis - Assignment Example Healthcare is a discipline that is intensely driven by data that contain health information of a particular patient. However, in order to improve the health outcomes of a patient, hypothesis is applied as a method of statistical inference. Data is analyzed by physicians and then undergoes through cognitive processes such as the hypothetico-deductive approach. This approach involves various diagnostic reasoning where the medical experts first generate diagnostic hypotheses. They then make some data collection in order to refute or confirm their hypotheses. In addition, physicians may use a backward or forward reasoning. However, the backward reasoning, which involves working backward from the hypothesis, is different from forward reasoning. This is because medical experts depend on a wide set of heuristics to analyze the available data and make sound decisions (Heathfield, 1998). In the field of health information technology, hypothesis is used to obtain rational solutions through a statistical testing procedure. The procedure may involve the use of specialized statistical software and computers that consist of extensive help guides (Heathfield, 1998). However, in the testing procedure there is formulation of a statistical hypothesis. In addition, a sample data is used to determine the validity of the statistical hypothesis being formulated. In conclusion, hypothesis is a crucial statistical method of interpreting certain phenomena or events and giving guidance in making further investigations. Healthcare institutions widely use hypothesis in improving the health outcomes of their patients. In most cases, the physicians use the hypothetico-deductive approach during the diagnostic reasoning and use the collected data to either confirm or refute their

What are the benefits of online grocery shopping Essay

What are the benefits of online grocery shopping - Essay Example In between the fundamental objectives of enlarging their market visibility is the need to meet the consumer requirements, and so was the very genesis of online shopping. Grocery stores, for instance, have taken the advantage afforded by technology, â€Å"raking in roughly $15 billion a year — about 3 percent of brick and mortar supermarkets’ nearly $600 billion sales† (Williams, 2014). Williams further notes that the industry is expected to grow at approximately 13 percent per annum, ‘making up 11 percent of all grocery sales in the next decade. Indeed there is no doubt that the ever increasing use of the Internet has more than transformed shopping experiences with quite a huge chunk of benefits that has enabled the cutting down of costs on both ends of the consumer and the service providers (Appelhans, et al. 2012; Shannon & Mandhachitara, 2008). More and more businesses are warming up towards greater use of the internet as the ultimate marketing channel t hat is both unique in very many, but certain aspects that includes convenience, real time feedback, as well as the ability of extreme comfort, and so are the opportunities offered by online Grocery stores. Any serious entrepreneur knows for a fact that time in itself is but a precious commodity, and so with regards to shopping in particular, time has that tremendous capability of significantly altering shopping behavior. Indeed it the very levels of time pressure that allow the service provides to group consumers as well as service specific target markets along this dimension. Besides the time pressure, the online Grocery stores have long known that impulse are involved in in the purchase of food products and that the consumers’ effort in searching and processing related information concerning food products should be at the very bare minimum, for time-pressured consumers strive for

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Organic Light Emitting Diodes Engineering Essay

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Organic Light Emitting Diodes Engineering Essay An organic light emitting diode (OLED), also organic electro luminescent device (OELD), is a light-emitting diode (LED) whose emissive electroluminescent layer is composed of a film of organic compounds. This layer of organic semiconductor material is formed between two electrodes, where at least one of the electrodes is transparent. Such devices can be used in television screens, computer monitors, small, portable system screens such as cell phones and PDAs, watches, advertising, information and indication. OLEDs can also be used in light sources for general space illumination, and large-area light-emitting elements. Due to the younger stage of development, OLEDs typically emit less light per unit area than inorganic solid-state based LEDs which are usually designed for use as point-light sources. In the context of displays, OLEDs have certain advantages over traditional liquid crystal displays (LCDs). OLED displays do not require a backlight to function. Thus, they can display deep black levels and can be thinner and lighter than LCD panels. OLED displays also naturally achieve higher contrast ratios than either LCD screens using cold cathode fluorescent lamps (CCFLs) or the more recently developed LED backlights in conditions of low ambient light such as dark rooms. Working principle A typical OLED is composed of an emissive layer, a conductive layer, a substrate, and both anode and cathode terminals. The layers are made of organic molecules that conduct electricity. The layers have conductivity levels ranging from insulators to conductors, so OLEDs are considered organic semiconductors. The first, most basic OLEDs consisted of a single organic layer, for example the first light-emitting polymer device synthesised by Burroughs et al. involved a single layer of poly(p-phenylene vinylene). Multilayer OLEDs can have more than two layers to improve device efficiency. As well as conductive properties, layers may be chosen to aid charge injection at electrodes by providing a more gradual electronic profile,[28] or block a charge from reaching the opposite electrode and being wasted.[29] Schematic of a 2-layer OLED: 1. Cathode (à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢), 2. Emissive Layer, 3. Emission of radiation, 4. Conductive Layer, 5. Anode (+) A voltage is applied across the OLED such that the anode is positive with respect to the cathode. This causes a current of electrons to flow through the device from cathode to anode. Thus, the cathode gives electrons to the emissive layer and the anode withdraws electrons from the conductive layer; in other words, the anode gives electron holes to the conductive layer. Soon, the emissive layer becomes negatively charged, while the conductive layer becomes rich in positively charged holes. Electrostatic forces bring the electrons and the holes towards each other and they recombine. This happens closer to the emissive layer, because in organic semiconductors holes are more mobile than electrons. The recombination causes a drop in the energy levels of electrons, accompanied by an emission of radiation whose frequency is in the visible region. That is why this layer is called emissive. The device does not work when the anode is put at a negative potential with respect to the cathode. In this condition, holes move to the anode and electrons to the cathode, so they are moving away from each other and do not recombine. Indium tin oxide is commonly used as the anode material. It is transparent to visible light and has a high work function which promotes injection of holes into the polymer layer. Metals such as aluminium and calcium are often used for the cathode as they have low work functions which promote injection of electrons into the polymer layer.[30] Just like passive-matrix LCD versus active-matrix LCD, OLEDs can be categorized into passive-matrix and active-matrix displays. Active-matrix OLEDs (AMOLED) require a thin-film transistor backplane to switch the individual pixel on or off, and can make higher resolution and larger size displays possible. Material technologies Small molecules Efficient OLEDs using small molecules were first developed at Eastman Kodak by Dr. Ching W. Tang. The production of small-molecule displays often involves vacuum deposition, which makes the production process more expensive than other processing techniques. Since this is typically carried out on glass substrates, these displays are also not flexible, though this limitation is not inherent to small-molecule organic materials. The term OLED traditionally refers to this type of device, though some are using the term SM-OLED. Molecules commonly used in OLEDs include organo-metallic chelates (for example Alq3, used in the first organic light-emitting device)[26] and conjugated dendrimers. Contrary to polymers, small molecules can be evaporated and therefore very complex multi-layer structures can be constructed. This high flexibility in layer design is the main reason for the high efficiencies of the SM-OLEDs. Coherent emission from a laser dye-doped tandem SM-OLED device, excited in the pulsed regime, has been demonstrated.[31] The emission is nearly diffraction limited with a spectral width similar to that of broadband dye lasers.[32] Polymer light-emitting diodes LEP display showing partial failure An old OLED display showing wear Polymer light-emitting diodes (PLED), also light-emitting polymers (LEP), involve an electroluminescent conductive polymer, that emits light when connected to an external voltage source. They are used as a thin film for full-spectrum colour displays and require a relatively small amount of power for the light produced. No vacuum is required, and the emissive materials can be applied on the substrate by a technique derived from commercial inkjet printing.[33][34] The substrate used can be flexible, such as PET.[35] Thus flexible PLED displays, also called Flexible OLED (or FOLED), may be produced inexpensively. Typical polymers used in PLED displays include derivatives of poly(p-phenylene vinylene) and polyfluorene. Substitution of side chains onto the polymer backbone may determine the colour of emitted light[36] or the stability and solubility of the polymer for performance and ease of processing.[37] Applications of OLEDs in solid state lighting require the achievement of high brightness with good CIE coordinates (for white emission). The use of macromolecular species like polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS) in conjunction with the use of phosphorescent species such as Ir for printed OLEDs have exhibited brightnesses as high as 10,000  cd/m2.[38] Phosphorescent materials Phosphorescent OLED (PHOLED) uses the principle of electrophosphorescence to convert electrical energy in an OLED into light in a highly efficient manner. Patterning technologies Patternable organic light-emitting device (POLED) uses a light or heat activated electroactive layer. A latent material (PEDOT-TMA) is included in this layer that, upon activation, becomes highly efficient as a hole injection layer. Using this process, light-emitting devices with arbitrary patterns can be prepared.[39] Colour patterning can be accomplished by means of laser, such as radiation-induced sublimation transfer (RIST).[40] Organic vapour jet printing (OVJP) uses an inert carrier gas, such as argon or nitrogen, to transport evaporated organic molecules (as in Organic Vapor Phase Deposition). The gas is expelled through a micron sized nozzle or nozzle array close to the substrate as it is being translated. This allows printing arbitrary multilayer patterns without the use of solvents. Conventional OLED displays are formed by vapor thermal evaporation (VTE) and are patterned by shadow-mask. A mechanical mask has openings allowing the vapor to pass only on the desired location. Backplane technologies For a high resolution display like a TV, a TFT backplane is necessary to drive the pixels correctly. Currently, LTPS-TFT (low temperature poly silicon) is used for commercial AMOLED displays. LTPS-TFT has variation of the performance in a display, so various compensation circuits have been reported.[41] Due to the size limitation of the excimer laser used for LTPS, the AMOLED size was limited. To cope with the hurdle related to the panel size, amorphous-silicon/microcrystalline-silicon backplanes have been reported with large display prototype demonstrations.[42] Structure Bottom or top emission Bottom emission uses a transparent or semi-transparent bottom electrode to get the light through a transparent substrate. Top emission[43][41] uses a transparent or semi-transparent top electrode emitting light directly. Top-emitting OLEDs are better suited for active-matrix applications as they can be more easily integrated with a non-transparent transistor backplane. Transparent OLED Transparent organic light-emitting device (TOLED) use transparent or semi-transparent contacts on both sides of the device to create displays that can be made to be both top and bottom emitting (transparent). TOLEDs can greatly improve contrast, making it much easier to view displays in bright sunlight[citation needed]. This technology can be used in Head-up displays, smart windows or augmented reality applications. Stacked OLED Stacked OLED (SOLED) uses a pixel architecture that stacks the red, green, and blue subpixels on top of one another instead of next to one another, leading to substantial increase in gamut and color depth, and greatly reducing pixel gap. Currently, other display technologies have the RGB (and RGBW) pixels mapped next to each other decreasing potential resolution. Inverted OLED In contrast to a conventional OLED, in which the anode is placed on the substrate, an Inverted OLED (IOLED) uses a bottom cathode that can be connected to the drain end of an n-channel TFT especially for the low cost amorphous silicon TFT backplane useful in the manufacturing of AMOLED displays.[44] Advantages The different manufacturing process of OLEDs lends itself to several advantages over flat-panel displays made with LCD technology. Although the method is not currently commercially viable for mass production, OLEDs can be printed onto any suitable substrate using an inkjet printer or even screen printing technologies,[45] they could theoretically have a lower cost than LCDs or plasma displays. However, it is the fabrication of the substrate that is the most complex and expensive process in the production of a TFT LCD, so any savings offered by printing the pixels is easily cancelled out by OLEDs requirement to use a more costly P-Si (or LTPS) substrate a fact that is born out by the significantly higher initial price of AMOLED displays than their TFT LCD competitors. A mitigating factor to this price differential going into the future is the cost of retooling existing lines to produce AMOLED displays over LCDs to take advantage of the economies of scale afforded by mass production. Use of flexible substrates could open the door to new applications such as roll-up displays and displays embedded in fabrics or clothing. OLEDs can enable a greater artificial contrast ratio (both dynamic range and static, measured in purely dark conditions) and viewing angle compared to LCDs because OLED pixels directly emit light. OLED pixel colours appear correct and unshifted, even as the viewing angle approaches 90 degrees from normal. LCDs filter the light emitted from a backlight, allowing a small fraction of light through so they cannot show true black, while an inactive OLED element produces no light and consumes no power. OLEDs can also have a faster response time than standard LCD screens. Whereas LCD displays are capable of a 1ms response time or less[46] offering a frame rate of 1,000 Hz or higher, an OLED can theoretically have less than 0.01 ms response time enabling 100,000 Hz refresh rates. Disadvantages Lifespan The biggest technical problem for OLEDs is the limited lifetime of the organic materials.[47] In particular, blue OLEDs historically have had a lifetime of around 14,000 hours to half original brightness (five years at 8 hours a day) when used for flat-panel displays, which is lower than the typical lifetime of LCD, LED or PDP technology-each currently rated for about 60,000 hours to half brightness, depending on manufacturer and model. However, some manufacturers displays aim to increase the lifespan of OLED displays, pushing their expected life past that of LCD displays by improving light outcoupling, thus achieving the same brightness at a lower drive current.[48][49] In 2007, experimental OLEDs were created which can sustain 400  cd/m2 of luminance for over 198,000 hours for green OLEDs and 62,000 hours for blue OLEDs.[50] Color balance issues Additionally, as the OLED material used to produce blue light degrades significantly more rapidly than the materials that produce other colors, blue light output will decrease relative to the other colors of light. This differential color output change will change the color balance of the display and is much more noticeable than a decrease in overall luminance.[51] This can be partially avoided by adjusting colour balance but this may require advanced control circuits and interaction with the user, which is unacceptable for some uses. In order to delay the problem, manufacturers bias the colour balance towards blue so that the display initially has an artificially blue tint, leading to complaints of artificial-looking, over-saturated colors. Water damage Water can damage the organic materials of the displays. Therefore, improved sealing processes are important for practical manufacturing. Water damage may especially limit the longevity of more flexible displays.[52] Outdoor performance As an emissive display technology, OLEDs are 100% reliant converting electricity to light whereas most LCD displays contain at least some portion of reflective technology and e-ink leads the way in efficiency with ~33% reflectivity of sunlight, enabling the display to be used without any artificial light source. OLEDs typically produce only around 200 nits of light leading to poor readability in bright ambient light, such as outdoors, whereas displays that use reflective light are able to increase their brightness in the presence of ambient light to help overcome unwanted surface reflections without using any additional power. Power consumption While an OLED will consume around 40% of the power of an LCD displaying an image which is primarily black, for the majority of images, it will consume 60-80% of the power of an LCD however it can use over three times as much power to display an image with a white background[53] such as a document or website. This can lead to disappointing real-world battery life in mobile devices. Screen burn-in Unlike displays with a common light source, the brightness of each OLED pixel fades depending on the content displayed. Combined with the short lifetime the organic dyes, this leads to screen burn-in[54], worse than was common in the days of CRT-based displays Technology demos Samsung applications In January 2005, Samsung announced the worlds largest OLED TV at the time, at 21  inches (53  cm).[55] This OLED featured the highest resolution at 2.3 million pixels (WUXGA: widescreen ultra-extended graphics array) at the time. In addition, the company adopted AM-based technology for its low power consumption and high-resolution qualities. In January 2008, Samsung showcased the worlds largest and thinnest OLED TV at the time, at 31-inches and 4.3  mm.[56] In May 2008, Samsung unveiled an ultra-thin 12.1  inch laptop OLED display concept, with a 1,280ÃÆ'-768 resolution with infinite contrast ratio.[57] According to Woo Jong Lee, Vice President of the Mobile Display Marketing Team at Samsung SDI, the company expects OLED displays to be used in notebook PCs as soon as 2010.[58] In October 2008, Samsung showcased the worlds thinnest OLED display, also the first to be flappable and bendable.[59] It measures just 0.05  mm (thinner than paper), yet a Samsung staff member said that it is technically possible to make the panel thinner.[59] To achieve this thickness, Samsung etched an OLED panel that uses a normal glass substrate. The drive circuit was formed by low-temperature polysilicon TFTs. Also, low-molecular organic EL materials were employed. The pixel count of the display is 480 ÃÆ'- 272. The contrast ratio is 100,000:1, and the luminance is 200  cd/m ². The colour reproduction range is 100% of the NTSC standard. In October 2008, Samsung unveiled the worlds largest OLED Television at 40-inch with a Full HD resolution of 1920ÃÆ'-1080 pixel.[60] In the FPD International, Samsung stated that its 40-inch OLED Panel is the largest size currently possible. The panel has a contrast ratio of 1,000,000:1, a colour gamut of 107% NTSC, and a luminance of 200  cd/m ² (peak luminance of 600  cd/m ²). At the Consumer Electronics Show (CES) in January 2010, Samsung demonstrated a laptop computer with a large, transparent OLED display[61] and an animated OLED display in a photo ID card.[62] Sony applications In 2004, Sony released the Sony CLIÉ PEG-VZ90, the first commercial device to feature an OLED screen. In 2006, Sony introduced the MZ-RH1 Portable Minidisc Recorder, which has an OLED screen.[63] At the Las Vegas CES 2007, Sony showcased 11-inch (28  cm, resolution 960ÃÆ'-540) and 27-inch (68.5  cm, full HD resolution at 1920ÃÆ'-1080) OLED TV models.[64] Both claimed 1,000,000:1 contrast ratios and total thicknesses (including bezels) of 5  mm. In April 2007, Sony announced it would manufacture 1000 11-inch OLED TVs per month for market testing purposes.[65] On October 1, 2007, Sony announced that the 11-inch model, now called the XEL-1, would be released commercially;[1] the XEL-1 was first released in Japan in December 2007.[66] In May 2007, Sony publicly unveiled a video of a 2.5-inch flexible OLED screen which is only 0.3 millimeters thick.[67] At the CES 2008, Sony showcased the Walkman X series with 3 OLED touchscreen.[68] In April 2008, at Display 2008, Sony showed a 0.2  mm (0.0079  inch) thick 3.5  inch display with a resolution of 320ÃÆ'-200 pixels and a 0.3  mm thick 11  inch display with 960ÃÆ'-540 pixels resolution (one-tenth the thickness of the XEL-1).[69][70] In July 2008, a Japanese government body said it would fund a joint project of leading firms, which is to develop a key technology to produce large, energy-saving organic displays. The project involves one laboratory and 10 companies including Sony Corp. NEDO said the project was aimed at developing a core technology to mass-produce 40  inch or larger OLED displays in the late 2010s.[71] In October 2008, Sony has published results of research it carried out with the Max Planck Institute over the possibility of mass-market bending displays, which could replace rigid LCDs and plasma screens. Eventually, bendable, transparent OLED screens could be stacked to produce 3D images with much greater contrast ratios and viewing angles than existing products.[72] In April 2009, Sony demonstrated a 21 prototype at the Display Japan conference in Tokyo.[73] This was followed up by a 24.5 3D OLED demonstration from Sony, during CES 2010.[74] Other companies The Optimus Maximus keyboard developed by the Art. Lebedev Studio and released early 2008 uses 113 48ÃÆ'-48-pixel OLEDs (10.1ÃÆ'-10.1  mm) for its keys. OLEDs can be used in High-Resolution Holography (Volumetric display). Professor Orbit showed on May 12, 2007, EXPO Lisbon the potential application of these materials to reproduce three-dimensional video.[citation needed] OLEDs could also be used as solid-state light sources. OLED efficiency and lifetime already exceed those of incandescent light bulbs, and OLEDs are investigated worldwide as a source of general illumination; an example is the EU OLLA project.[75]. On May 2009, Philips was the first company to comercialize on his website large area pixels OLEDs (60 cm2) for ambient lighting (Lumiblade OLED Pixels [76] whose shape, size and color can be selected by customers). On March 11, 2008 GE Global Research demonstrated the first successful roll-to-roll manufactured OLED, marking a major milestone towards cost effective production of commercial OLED technology. The four year, $13 million research project was carried out by GE Global Research, Energy Conversion Devices, Inc and the National Institute of Standards and Technology.[77][78] Chi Mei Corporation of Taiwan, demonstrated a 25 Low-Temperature Polycrystalline silicon Active Matrix OLED at the Society of Information Displays (SID) conference in Los Angeles, CA, USA on May 20-22, 2008. On June 5, 2009 DuPont demonstrated a new material that can be printed, so called solution deposition. The breakthrough is the ability to produce economically scalable and durable OLED displays at the 2009 International Symposium, May 31-June 5, 2009, Henry B. Gonzalez Convention Center, San Antonio, TX, USA The use of OLEDs is also being investigated for the treatment of cancer by photodynamic therapy.[79] On 30 Aug 2009, South Koreas LG Electronics said it would launch a 15-inch television set using AM-OLED displays for sale in November.[80][81] According to Isuppli Corp,[82] upward momentum of OLED Shipments for primary cell phone displays is their expectation in coming years. They claimed that global shipments of OLED main cell phone displays would rise to 178 million units in 2015, up from 22.2 million in 2009. In other words, the shipments will rise eightfold by 2015. Therefore, its evident that the manufacture of OLED display and OLED equipment by Samsung, DuPont, Anwell, Chi Mei Corporation, etc has expanded dramatically in recent years. Commercial uses OLED technology is used in commercial applications such as small screens for mobile phones and portable digital audio players (MP3 players), car radios, digital cameras, and high-resolution microdisplays for head-mounted displays. Such portable applications favor the high light output of OLEDs for readability in sunlight, and their low power drain. Portable displays are also used intermittently, so the lower lifespan of OLEDs is less important here. Prototypes have been made of flexible and rollable displays which use OLEDs unique characteristics. OLEDs have been used in most Motorola and Samsung colour cell phones, as well as some LG and Sony Ericsson phones, notably the Z610i, and some models of the Walkman.[83] It is also found in the Creative Zen V/V Plus series of MP3 players and iriver U10/clix. Nokia has also introduced recently some OLED products, including the 7900 Prism,the Nokia 8800 Arte, and the Nokia N85 and the Nokia N86 8MP, both of which feature an AMOLED display. Timeline October 1, 2007. Sony become the first company to announce an OLED television for commercial sale. The XEL-1 11 OLED Digital Television sells for $2,499.99 in the United States and Canada. December 2007 July 2008. OLED applications include signs and lighting.[84][85] January 2009. Handheld computer manufacturer OQO introduce the smallest Windows Vista computer with an OLED display.[86] March 2009. Samsung Electronics launch a 2.8 AMOLED capacitive touchscreen phone called the S8300 UltraTOUCH. April 2009. Samsung bring the first phone using an AMOLED display to the United States, the Impression on ATT. The Impression has a 3.2 WQVGA AMOLED. May 2009. Philips Lighting commercialize the first OLED lights, opening a webshop where OLED lighting samples under the brand name Lumiblade can be ordered online.[87] May 2009. Samsung Electronics launch a 3.7 nHD AMOLED capacitive touchscreen phone called the i8910 Omnia HD. June 2009. Samsung Electronics launch a 3.1 WVGA AMOLED resistive touchscreen phone called the S8000 Jet. July 2009. Samsung Electronics launch a 3.7 WVGA AMOLED 3G full-touchscreen phone called the Omnia II i8000 with Samsungs own touchwiz ui version 2.0. August 2009. Sprint Nextel sell phones from Samsung Electronics featuring advanced AMOLED display technology. Company executives claim its technology provides longer battery life and enhanced video and photo images. [88] September 2009. Microsoft launch a 3.3 Sixteenth HD1080 OLED capacitive multi-touch portable media player called the Zune HD. January 5, 2010. Google launch a 3.7 AMOLED smartphone called the Nexus One January 2010. Samsung Electronics launch a 14 prototype notebook featuring up to 40% transparency when turned off. January 2010. Sony display a 24.5 prototype OLED 3D television during the Consumer Electronics Show.[74] Patents Use of OLEDs may be subject to patents held by Eastman Kodak, DuPont, General Electric, Royal Philips Electronics, numerous universities and others.[89][90] Manufacturers Current manufacturers of OLED panels include Anwell Technologies Limited,[91] Chi Mei Corporation,[92] DuPont,[93] GE Global Research,[94] LG,[95] Samsung,[96] and Sony.[97] Samsung SDI Samsung SDI, a subsidiary of Samsung Group, South Koreas largest conglomerate, is the worlds largest OLED manufacturer, producing nearly 50% of the OLED displays made in the world.[98] In October 2008, it unveiled the worlds largest OLED TV at 40-inch with a Full HD resolution of 19201080 pixel. It was the first company in the industry to develop and manufacture AMOLED displays[99] and has the worlds largest market share in both Passive Matrix OLEDs (PMOLED) and Active Matrix OLEDs (AMOLED).[100] The company is leading the world OLED industry, generating $100.2 million out of the total $475 million revenues in the global OLED market in 2006.[99] Currently, it holds more than 600 American patents and more than 2800 international patents, making it the largest owner of AMOLED technology patents.[99] As of April 2009, Samsung has released one phone using the AMOLED display in the United States, the Impression for ATT. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_LED