Advantages And Disadvantages Of Organic Light Emitting Diodes Engineering Essay

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Organic Light Emitting Diodes Engineering Essay An organic light emitting diode (OLED), also organic electro luminescent device (OELD), is a light-emitting diode (LED) whose emissive electroluminescent layer is composed of a film of organic compounds. This layer of organic semiconductor material is formed between two electrodes, where at least one of the electrodes is transparent. Such devices can be used in television screens, computer monitors, small, portable system screens such as cell phones and PDAs, watches, advertising, information and indication. OLEDs can also be used in light sources for general space illumination, and large-area light-emitting elements. Due to the younger stage of development, OLEDs typically emit less light per unit area than inorganic solid-state based LEDs which are usually designed for use as point-light sources. In the context of displays, OLEDs have certain advantages over traditional liquid crystal displays (LCDs). OLED displays do not require a backlight to function. Thus, they can display deep black levels and can be thinner and lighter than LCD panels. OLED displays also naturally achieve higher contrast ratios than either LCD screens using cold cathode fluorescent lamps (CCFLs) or the more recently developed LED backlights in conditions of low ambient light such as dark rooms. Working principle A typical OLED is composed of an emissive layer, a conductive layer, a substrate, and both anode and cathode terminals. The layers are made of organic molecules that conduct electricity. The layers have conductivity levels ranging from insulators to conductors, so OLEDs are considered organic semiconductors. The first, most basic OLEDs consisted of a single organic layer, for example the first light-emitting polymer device synthesised by Burroughs et al. involved a single layer of poly(p-phenylene vinylene). Multilayer OLEDs can have more than two layers to improve device efficiency. As well as conductive properties, layers may be chosen to aid charge injection at electrodes by providing a more gradual electronic profile,[28] or block a charge from reaching the opposite electrode and being wasted.[29] Schematic of a 2-layer OLED: 1. Cathode (à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢), 2. Emissive Layer, 3. Emission of radiation, 4. Conductive Layer, 5. Anode (+) A voltage is applied across the OLED such that the anode is positive with respect to the cathode. This causes a current of electrons to flow through the device from cathode to anode. Thus, the cathode gives electrons to the emissive layer and the anode withdraws electrons from the conductive layer; in other words, the anode gives electron holes to the conductive layer. Soon, the emissive layer becomes negatively charged, while the conductive layer becomes rich in positively charged holes. Electrostatic forces bring the electrons and the holes towards each other and they recombine. This happens closer to the emissive layer, because in organic semiconductors holes are more mobile than electrons. The recombination causes a drop in the energy levels of electrons, accompanied by an emission of radiation whose frequency is in the visible region. That is why this layer is called emissive. The device does not work when the anode is put at a negative potential with respect to the cathode. In this condition, holes move to the anode and electrons to the cathode, so they are moving away from each other and do not recombine. Indium tin oxide is commonly used as the anode material. It is transparent to visible light and has a high work function which promotes injection of holes into the polymer layer. Metals such as aluminium and calcium are often used for the cathode as they have low work functions which promote injection of electrons into the polymer layer.[30] Just like passive-matrix LCD versus active-matrix LCD, OLEDs can be categorized into passive-matrix and active-matrix displays. Active-matrix OLEDs (AMOLED) require a thin-film transistor backplane to switch the individual pixel on or off, and can make higher resolution and larger size displays possible. Material technologies Small molecules Efficient OLEDs using small molecules were first developed at Eastman Kodak by Dr. Ching W. Tang. The production of small-molecule displays often involves vacuum deposition, which makes the production process more expensive than other processing techniques. Since this is typically carried out on glass substrates, these displays are also not flexible, though this limitation is not inherent to small-molecule organic materials. The term OLED traditionally refers to this type of device, though some are using the term SM-OLED. Molecules commonly used in OLEDs include organo-metallic chelates (for example Alq3, used in the first organic light-emitting device)[26] and conjugated dendrimers. Contrary to polymers, small molecules can be evaporated and therefore very complex multi-layer structures can be constructed. This high flexibility in layer design is the main reason for the high efficiencies of the SM-OLEDs. Coherent emission from a laser dye-doped tandem SM-OLED device, excited in the pulsed regime, has been demonstrated.[31] The emission is nearly diffraction limited with a spectral width similar to that of broadband dye lasers.[32] Polymer light-emitting diodes LEP display showing partial failure An old OLED display showing wear Polymer light-emitting diodes (PLED), also light-emitting polymers (LEP), involve an electroluminescent conductive polymer, that emits light when connected to an external voltage source. They are used as a thin film for full-spectrum colour displays and require a relatively small amount of power for the light produced. No vacuum is required, and the emissive materials can be applied on the substrate by a technique derived from commercial inkjet printing.[33][34] The substrate used can be flexible, such as PET.[35] Thus flexible PLED displays, also called Flexible OLED (or FOLED), may be produced inexpensively. Typical polymers used in PLED displays include derivatives of poly(p-phenylene vinylene) and polyfluorene. Substitution of side chains onto the polymer backbone may determine the colour of emitted light[36] or the stability and solubility of the polymer for performance and ease of processing.[37] Applications of OLEDs in solid state lighting require the achievement of high brightness with good CIE coordinates (for white emission). The use of macromolecular species like polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS) in conjunction with the use of phosphorescent species such as Ir for printed OLEDs have exhibited brightnesses as high as 10,000  cd/m2.[38] Phosphorescent materials Phosphorescent OLED (PHOLED) uses the principle of electrophosphorescence to convert electrical energy in an OLED into light in a highly efficient manner. Patterning technologies Patternable organic light-emitting device (POLED) uses a light or heat activated electroactive layer. A latent material (PEDOT-TMA) is included in this layer that, upon activation, becomes highly efficient as a hole injection layer. Using this process, light-emitting devices with arbitrary patterns can be prepared.[39] Colour patterning can be accomplished by means of laser, such as radiation-induced sublimation transfer (RIST).[40] Organic vapour jet printing (OVJP) uses an inert carrier gas, such as argon or nitrogen, to transport evaporated organic molecules (as in Organic Vapor Phase Deposition). The gas is expelled through a micron sized nozzle or nozzle array close to the substrate as it is being translated. This allows printing arbitrary multilayer patterns without the use of solvents. Conventional OLED displays are formed by vapor thermal evaporation (VTE) and are patterned by shadow-mask. A mechanical mask has openings allowing the vapor to pass only on the desired location. Backplane technologies For a high resolution display like a TV, a TFT backplane is necessary to drive the pixels correctly. Currently, LTPS-TFT (low temperature poly silicon) is used for commercial AMOLED displays. LTPS-TFT has variation of the performance in a display, so various compensation circuits have been reported.[41] Due to the size limitation of the excimer laser used for LTPS, the AMOLED size was limited. To cope with the hurdle related to the panel size, amorphous-silicon/microcrystalline-silicon backplanes have been reported with large display prototype demonstrations.[42] Structure Bottom or top emission Bottom emission uses a transparent or semi-transparent bottom electrode to get the light through a transparent substrate. Top emission[43][41] uses a transparent or semi-transparent top electrode emitting light directly. Top-emitting OLEDs are better suited for active-matrix applications as they can be more easily integrated with a non-transparent transistor backplane. Transparent OLED Transparent organic light-emitting device (TOLED) use transparent or semi-transparent contacts on both sides of the device to create displays that can be made to be both top and bottom emitting (transparent). TOLEDs can greatly improve contrast, making it much easier to view displays in bright sunlight[citation needed]. This technology can be used in Head-up displays, smart windows or augmented reality applications. Stacked OLED Stacked OLED (SOLED) uses a pixel architecture that stacks the red, green, and blue subpixels on top of one another instead of next to one another, leading to substantial increase in gamut and color depth, and greatly reducing pixel gap. Currently, other display technologies have the RGB (and RGBW) pixels mapped next to each other decreasing potential resolution. Inverted OLED In contrast to a conventional OLED, in which the anode is placed on the substrate, an Inverted OLED (IOLED) uses a bottom cathode that can be connected to the drain end of an n-channel TFT especially for the low cost amorphous silicon TFT backplane useful in the manufacturing of AMOLED displays.[44] Advantages The different manufacturing process of OLEDs lends itself to several advantages over flat-panel displays made with LCD technology. Although the method is not currently commercially viable for mass production, OLEDs can be printed onto any suitable substrate using an inkjet printer or even screen printing technologies,[45] they could theoretically have a lower cost than LCDs or plasma displays. However, it is the fabrication of the substrate that is the most complex and expensive process in the production of a TFT LCD, so any savings offered by printing the pixels is easily cancelled out by OLEDs requirement to use a more costly P-Si (or LTPS) substrate a fact that is born out by the significantly higher initial price of AMOLED displays than their TFT LCD competitors. A mitigating factor to this price differential going into the future is the cost of retooling existing lines to produce AMOLED displays over LCDs to take advantage of the economies of scale afforded by mass production. Use of flexible substrates could open the door to new applications such as roll-up displays and displays embedded in fabrics or clothing. OLEDs can enable a greater artificial contrast ratio (both dynamic range and static, measured in purely dark conditions) and viewing angle compared to LCDs because OLED pixels directly emit light. OLED pixel colours appear correct and unshifted, even as the viewing angle approaches 90 degrees from normal. LCDs filter the light emitted from a backlight, allowing a small fraction of light through so they cannot show true black, while an inactive OLED element produces no light and consumes no power. OLEDs can also have a faster response time than standard LCD screens. Whereas LCD displays are capable of a 1ms response time or less[46] offering a frame rate of 1,000 Hz or higher, an OLED can theoretically have less than 0.01 ms response time enabling 100,000 Hz refresh rates. Disadvantages Lifespan The biggest technical problem for OLEDs is the limited lifetime of the organic materials.[47] In particular, blue OLEDs historically have had a lifetime of around 14,000 hours to half original brightness (five years at 8 hours a day) when used for flat-panel displays, which is lower than the typical lifetime of LCD, LED or PDP technology-each currently rated for about 60,000 hours to half brightness, depending on manufacturer and model. However, some manufacturers displays aim to increase the lifespan of OLED displays, pushing their expected life past that of LCD displays by improving light outcoupling, thus achieving the same brightness at a lower drive current.[48][49] In 2007, experimental OLEDs were created which can sustain 400  cd/m2 of luminance for over 198,000 hours for green OLEDs and 62,000 hours for blue OLEDs.[50] Color balance issues Additionally, as the OLED material used to produce blue light degrades significantly more rapidly than the materials that produce other colors, blue light output will decrease relative to the other colors of light. This differential color output change will change the color balance of the display and is much more noticeable than a decrease in overall luminance.[51] This can be partially avoided by adjusting colour balance but this may require advanced control circuits and interaction with the user, which is unacceptable for some uses. In order to delay the problem, manufacturers bias the colour balance towards blue so that the display initially has an artificially blue tint, leading to complaints of artificial-looking, over-saturated colors. Water damage Water can damage the organic materials of the displays. Therefore, improved sealing processes are important for practical manufacturing. Water damage may especially limit the longevity of more flexible displays.[52] Outdoor performance As an emissive display technology, OLEDs are 100% reliant converting electricity to light whereas most LCD displays contain at least some portion of reflective technology and e-ink leads the way in efficiency with ~33% reflectivity of sunlight, enabling the display to be used without any artificial light source. OLEDs typically produce only around 200 nits of light leading to poor readability in bright ambient light, such as outdoors, whereas displays that use reflective light are able to increase their brightness in the presence of ambient light to help overcome unwanted surface reflections without using any additional power. Power consumption While an OLED will consume around 40% of the power of an LCD displaying an image which is primarily black, for the majority of images, it will consume 60-80% of the power of an LCD however it can use over three times as much power to display an image with a white background[53] such as a document or website. This can lead to disappointing real-world battery life in mobile devices. Screen burn-in Unlike displays with a common light source, the brightness of each OLED pixel fades depending on the content displayed. Combined with the short lifetime the organic dyes, this leads to screen burn-in[54], worse than was common in the days of CRT-based displays Technology demos Samsung applications In January 2005, Samsung announced the worlds largest OLED TV at the time, at 21  inches (53  cm).[55] This OLED featured the highest resolution at 2.3 million pixels (WUXGA: widescreen ultra-extended graphics array) at the time. In addition, the company adopted AM-based technology for its low power consumption and high-resolution qualities. In January 2008, Samsung showcased the worlds largest and thinnest OLED TV at the time, at 31-inches and 4.3  mm.[56] In May 2008, Samsung unveiled an ultra-thin 12.1  inch laptop OLED display concept, with a 1,280ÃÆ'-768 resolution with infinite contrast ratio.[57] According to Woo Jong Lee, Vice President of the Mobile Display Marketing Team at Samsung SDI, the company expects OLED displays to be used in notebook PCs as soon as 2010.[58] In October 2008, Samsung showcased the worlds thinnest OLED display, also the first to be flappable and bendable.[59] It measures just 0.05  mm (thinner than paper), yet a Samsung staff member said that it is technically possible to make the panel thinner.[59] To achieve this thickness, Samsung etched an OLED panel that uses a normal glass substrate. The drive circuit was formed by low-temperature polysilicon TFTs. Also, low-molecular organic EL materials were employed. The pixel count of the display is 480 ÃÆ'- 272. The contrast ratio is 100,000:1, and the luminance is 200  cd/m ². The colour reproduction range is 100% of the NTSC standard. In October 2008, Samsung unveiled the worlds largest OLED Television at 40-inch with a Full HD resolution of 1920ÃÆ'-1080 pixel.[60] In the FPD International, Samsung stated that its 40-inch OLED Panel is the largest size currently possible. The panel has a contrast ratio of 1,000,000:1, a colour gamut of 107% NTSC, and a luminance of 200  cd/m ² (peak luminance of 600  cd/m ²). At the Consumer Electronics Show (CES) in January 2010, Samsung demonstrated a laptop computer with a large, transparent OLED display[61] and an animated OLED display in a photo ID card.[62] Sony applications In 2004, Sony released the Sony CLIÉ PEG-VZ90, the first commercial device to feature an OLED screen. In 2006, Sony introduced the MZ-RH1 Portable Minidisc Recorder, which has an OLED screen.[63] At the Las Vegas CES 2007, Sony showcased 11-inch (28  cm, resolution 960ÃÆ'-540) and 27-inch (68.5  cm, full HD resolution at 1920ÃÆ'-1080) OLED TV models.[64] Both claimed 1,000,000:1 contrast ratios and total thicknesses (including bezels) of 5  mm. In April 2007, Sony announced it would manufacture 1000 11-inch OLED TVs per month for market testing purposes.[65] On October 1, 2007, Sony announced that the 11-inch model, now called the XEL-1, would be released commercially;[1] the XEL-1 was first released in Japan in December 2007.[66] In May 2007, Sony publicly unveiled a video of a 2.5-inch flexible OLED screen which is only 0.3 millimeters thick.[67] At the CES 2008, Sony showcased the Walkman X series with 3 OLED touchscreen.[68] In April 2008, at Display 2008, Sony showed a 0.2  mm (0.0079  inch) thick 3.5  inch display with a resolution of 320ÃÆ'-200 pixels and a 0.3  mm thick 11  inch display with 960ÃÆ'-540 pixels resolution (one-tenth the thickness of the XEL-1).[69][70] In July 2008, a Japanese government body said it would fund a joint project of leading firms, which is to develop a key technology to produce large, energy-saving organic displays. The project involves one laboratory and 10 companies including Sony Corp. NEDO said the project was aimed at developing a core technology to mass-produce 40  inch or larger OLED displays in the late 2010s.[71] In October 2008, Sony has published results of research it carried out with the Max Planck Institute over the possibility of mass-market bending displays, which could replace rigid LCDs and plasma screens. Eventually, bendable, transparent OLED screens could be stacked to produce 3D images with much greater contrast ratios and viewing angles than existing products.[72] In April 2009, Sony demonstrated a 21 prototype at the Display Japan conference in Tokyo.[73] This was followed up by a 24.5 3D OLED demonstration from Sony, during CES 2010.[74] Other companies The Optimus Maximus keyboard developed by the Art. Lebedev Studio and released early 2008 uses 113 48ÃÆ'-48-pixel OLEDs (10.1ÃÆ'-10.1  mm) for its keys. OLEDs can be used in High-Resolution Holography (Volumetric display). Professor Orbit showed on May 12, 2007, EXPO Lisbon the potential application of these materials to reproduce three-dimensional video.[citation needed] OLEDs could also be used as solid-state light sources. OLED efficiency and lifetime already exceed those of incandescent light bulbs, and OLEDs are investigated worldwide as a source of general illumination; an example is the EU OLLA project.[75]. On May 2009, Philips was the first company to comercialize on his website large area pixels OLEDs (60 cm2) for ambient lighting (Lumiblade OLED Pixels [76] whose shape, size and color can be selected by customers). On March 11, 2008 GE Global Research demonstrated the first successful roll-to-roll manufactured OLED, marking a major milestone towards cost effective production of commercial OLED technology. The four year, $13 million research project was carried out by GE Global Research, Energy Conversion Devices, Inc and the National Institute of Standards and Technology.[77][78] Chi Mei Corporation of Taiwan, demonstrated a 25 Low-Temperature Polycrystalline silicon Active Matrix OLED at the Society of Information Displays (SID) conference in Los Angeles, CA, USA on May 20-22, 2008. On June 5, 2009 DuPont demonstrated a new material that can be printed, so called solution deposition. The breakthrough is the ability to produce economically scalable and durable OLED displays at the 2009 International Symposium, May 31-June 5, 2009, Henry B. Gonzalez Convention Center, San Antonio, TX, USA The use of OLEDs is also being investigated for the treatment of cancer by photodynamic therapy.[79] On 30 Aug 2009, South Koreas LG Electronics said it would launch a 15-inch television set using AM-OLED displays for sale in November.[80][81] According to Isuppli Corp,[82] upward momentum of OLED Shipments for primary cell phone displays is their expectation in coming years. They claimed that global shipments of OLED main cell phone displays would rise to 178 million units in 2015, up from 22.2 million in 2009. In other words, the shipments will rise eightfold by 2015. Therefore, its evident that the manufacture of OLED display and OLED equipment by Samsung, DuPont, Anwell, Chi Mei Corporation, etc has expanded dramatically in recent years. Commercial uses OLED technology is used in commercial applications such as small screens for mobile phones and portable digital audio players (MP3 players), car radios, digital cameras, and high-resolution microdisplays for head-mounted displays. Such portable applications favor the high light output of OLEDs for readability in sunlight, and their low power drain. Portable displays are also used intermittently, so the lower lifespan of OLEDs is less important here. Prototypes have been made of flexible and rollable displays which use OLEDs unique characteristics. OLEDs have been used in most Motorola and Samsung colour cell phones, as well as some LG and Sony Ericsson phones, notably the Z610i, and some models of the Walkman.[83] It is also found in the Creative Zen V/V Plus series of MP3 players and iriver U10/clix. Nokia has also introduced recently some OLED products, including the 7900 Prism,the Nokia 8800 Arte, and the Nokia N85 and the Nokia N86 8MP, both of which feature an AMOLED display. Timeline October 1, 2007. Sony become the first company to announce an OLED television for commercial sale. The XEL-1 11 OLED Digital Television sells for $2,499.99 in the United States and Canada. December 2007 July 2008. OLED applications include signs and lighting.[84][85] January 2009. Handheld computer manufacturer OQO introduce the smallest Windows Vista computer with an OLED display.[86] March 2009. Samsung Electronics launch a 2.8 AMOLED capacitive touchscreen phone called the S8300 UltraTOUCH. April 2009. Samsung bring the first phone using an AMOLED display to the United States, the Impression on ATT. The Impression has a 3.2 WQVGA AMOLED. May 2009. Philips Lighting commercialize the first OLED lights, opening a webshop where OLED lighting samples under the brand name Lumiblade can be ordered online.[87] May 2009. Samsung Electronics launch a 3.7 nHD AMOLED capacitive touchscreen phone called the i8910 Omnia HD. June 2009. Samsung Electronics launch a 3.1 WVGA AMOLED resistive touchscreen phone called the S8000 Jet. July 2009. Samsung Electronics launch a 3.7 WVGA AMOLED 3G full-touchscreen phone called the Omnia II i8000 with Samsungs own touchwiz ui version 2.0. August 2009. Sprint Nextel sell phones from Samsung Electronics featuring advanced AMOLED display technology. Company executives claim its technology provides longer battery life and enhanced video and photo images. [88] September 2009. Microsoft launch a 3.3 Sixteenth HD1080 OLED capacitive multi-touch portable media player called the Zune HD. January 5, 2010. Google launch a 3.7 AMOLED smartphone called the Nexus One January 2010. Samsung Electronics launch a 14 prototype notebook featuring up to 40% transparency when turned off. January 2010. Sony display a 24.5 prototype OLED 3D television during the Consumer Electronics Show.[74] Patents Use of OLEDs may be subject to patents held by Eastman Kodak, DuPont, General Electric, Royal Philips Electronics, numerous universities and others.[89][90] Manufacturers Current manufacturers of OLED panels include Anwell Technologies Limited,[91] Chi Mei Corporation,[92] DuPont,[93] GE Global Research,[94] LG,[95] Samsung,[96] and Sony.[97] Samsung SDI Samsung SDI, a subsidiary of Samsung Group, South Koreas largest conglomerate, is the worlds largest OLED manufacturer, producing nearly 50% of the OLED displays made in the world.[98] In October 2008, it unveiled the worlds largest OLED TV at 40-inch with a Full HD resolution of 19201080 pixel. It was the first company in the industry to develop and manufacture AMOLED displays[99] and has the worlds largest market share in both Passive Matrix OLEDs (PMOLED) and Active Matrix OLEDs (AMOLED).[100] The company is leading the world OLED industry, generating $100.2 million out of the total $475 million revenues in the global OLED market in 2006.[99] Currently, it holds more than 600 American patents and more than 2800 international patents, making it the largest owner of AMOLED technology patents.[99] As of April 2009, Samsung has released one phone using the AMOLED display in the United States, the Impression for ATT. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_LED

Acheivements of the Mayans

Plan of Investigation The research paper will be on the achievements of the Mayans. The research question developed for this paper is â€Å"How did Mayan achievements lead to the development of the empire? This paper will be focusing on how the achievements of the Mayans led to the development of their civilization. This will not look into the fall of the Mayan empire but will look into where the Mayans came from and the beginning of the Mayan empire. All sources in this paper are secondary sources. The paper had chosen its sources by evaluating their information on how much they explained on Mayan achievements.Some of the paper’s sources also talked about the locations of the Mayan empire. Some main ideas of the paper would be Mexico which is where the Mayan civilization was and will be covering major achievements like the three hundred and sixty five day solar calendar and the Mayan language which consisted of hieroglyphics. Summary of Evidence The Mayan civilization is a v ery complex civilization, established in the Pre-classic period (2000 BC – 250 AD). Mayans were very artistic and achieved many artistic achievements. Classic Maya art spanned the centuries from the time of Christ until about 1000, and had its home in central Yucatan, bounded on the south by the Guatemalan highlands and on the north by a flat and dry limestone plain. â€Å"Mayan ceramics were used as currency, tableware, and offerings to the dead. Pottery was also decorated with rituals, myths, and hieroglyphs. With Mayan artistic abilities they developed a writing system. The Mayans had scribes who were trained at their writing system. Scribes usually had many pens in their hair dress. The writing system was so hard to learn not every class knew it. On the other hand, the Classic Maya had a system of written hieroglyphic script, largely syllabic in nature, which, although once considered astronomical or religious in content, is now considered primarily dynastic and politica l. † The language of Ancient Maya was written and was complex. The writing was containing pictures. The language was so sophisticated that only few members of the higher class were able to read it. The writing was commonly carved into stone. Other than art Ancient Maya had achievements in mathematics and science. Mayans were interested Zenial Passages unlike western astronomers.Mayan astronomers also were able to predict lunar eclipses with their lunar knowledge. The Mayans had 2 different calendar years, 360 day year and a formal year of 365 days. The Mayan calendar kept running ahead of the true year. The Mayans did not have leap year and would not implement it because it would ruin their day count. Mayans used math in their math in their art especially geometry. Mayans used geometry when making art in architecture. A common type of art on their structures was mosaics usually being ethnical. Mayans mainly used art on their temples or other religious structures.Mayans also de veloped a math system. The Mayans had a numerical system. It used 0 as a place holder. The numeric system was a base 20 system. Daniel Lukach Evaluation of Source Maya by the Columbia University Press is an article published in 2009. It was published by the Columbia University Press. This article was created by many authors and was compiled by the Columbia University Press. The publisher and author are credible as they published and created more books. The publisher and author are run by Columbia University. All outside sources used in the article were stated in a bibliography.This article was written for people who wanted to know about the Maya. The article seeks to address the question, â€Å"What is Maya? † There is no thesis but the author is trying to explain anything around the Mayan people. There is many values and limitations in this article. A value in this article is that the author goes in-depth about the Mayans. This publication is also not out dated. This publica tion or article also answered the question, â€Å"What were Mayan achievements made? † A major value is also that th author does not rely on one specific source as the article uses multiple sources.This article also has limitations; one limitation is that the author did not state where he used the sources in the article. Another problem is this is a secondary source which means the article isn’t on firsthand experience and used other sources for its research. Two questions unanswered is, â€Å"To what extent did Mayan achievements lead to the success of the empire? † which is the research question. And, â€Å"Why were the Mayans so religiously based? † Analysis This topic was important over its time because there was many achievements the Mayans had and also many discoveries.The Mayans at their time developed many great achievements and also was a vast civilization spanning across the Yucatan peninsula. â€Å"Classic Maya art spanned the centuries from t he time of Christ until about 1000, and had its home in central Yucatan, bounded on the south by the Guatemalan highlands and on the north by a flat and dry limestone plain. † The Mayan’s were the most advanced civilization in the Americas at the time. Their culture spread across the Americas. This even had a large impact on social development. The Mayan achievements built a large culture for a vast civilization. By the end of the Middle Preclassic period, after 500 B. C. , communities like Mirador were beginning to reflect a new developmental trajectory. Jewelry and other goods made from exotic raw materials indicate increasing prosperity, expanded economic ties to distant regions, and sharper differences in wealth and social status; large-scale, elaborately decorated public buildings reflect the emergence of powerful permanent leaders, chiefs or kings. These trends continued and intensified during the Late Preclassic period, setting the fundamental patterns of Classic -period Maya city-states. As the Mayan civilization grew more art developed and spread making a great impact on their culture. Mayan science had a great impact also on their culture. â€Å"The calendar of months was probably inaugurated in 580 B. C. when 0 Pop, New Year's day, coincided with the winter solstice. A third era, 9. 0. 0. 0. 0, 8 Ahau 13 Ceh, February 10, 176 A. D. , is the one used in the Mayan chronicles. † The Mayans had 2 different calendar years, 360 day year and a formal year of 365 days. The Mayan calendar kept running ahead of the true year. The Mayans did not have leap year and would not implement it because it would ruin their day count.With the creation of the calendar, Mayan religion began using it to predict special religious days. Art also affected the Mayan religion. This event could be considered a turning point, as the Mayans developed new technologies and cultural achievements. The Mayans were the first civilization of the Americas and had impact on other tribes. Their culture spread across the Americas changing the way life. This event can be analyzed from a different perspective, as people might view the Mayan culture not to impact other tribes in the region. People might also believe the Mayan’s weren’t a great civilization either.Conclusion To what extent did Mayan achievements lead to the development of the empire, the Mayan achievements led to a development of an empire by social development, the Mayans main development was science and art. Mayans use of technology made it easy to expand but since the civilization wasn’t fully connected different Mayan groups thought with each other. Mayans were also able to expand their empire by making all cities built in a similar design. By the research two questions are developed, â€Å"How did the Mayans discover their art forms? and â€Å"Why did Mayans do more science then religion? † A few connections I can make to the Mayans is that they were a l arge civilization that fell like the Incas and the Aztecs. The Mayans also invented many new technologies to the world like ancient China. Except the Mayans vanished unlike other civilizations and many people still don’t know why. ——————————————– [ 1 ]. George Kubler, The Art and Architecture of Ancient America (Baltimore,MD: Penguin Books, 1962), page #114-201, accessed October 28, 2010, http://www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=o&d=8129097. [ 2 ].John S Henderson, The World of Ancient Maya (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University, 1997), page #1-255, accessed October 28, 2010. [ 3 ]. Columbia University, The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th 2009 ed. (New York: Columbia University Press, 2009), s. v. â€Å"Maya,† accessed January 5, 2011, http://www. questiaschool. com/PM. qst? a=o&d=117023420 [ 4 ]. 1. Michelle Ayache, The Ancient Maya, accessed October 27, 2010, http://www. digitalme esh. com/maya/history. htm. [ 5 ]. Herbert J Spinden, Ancient Civilizations of Mexico and Central America (New York: Biblo and Tannen, 1968), page #80-250, accessed January 4, 2011, http://www. uestiaschool. com/PM. qst? a=o&d=104407482. [ 6 ]. George Kubler, The Art and Architecture of Ancient America (Baltimore,MD: Penguin Books, 1962), page #156-210, accessed October 28, 2010, http://www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=o&d=8129097 [ 7 ]. Columbia University, The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th 2009 ed. (New York: Columbia University Press, 2009), s. v. â€Å"Maya,† accessed January 5, 2011, http://www. questiaschool. com/PM. qst? a=o&d=117023420. [ 8 ]. George Kubler, The Art and Architecture of Ancient America (Baltimore,MD: Penguin Books, 1962), page #114-201, accessed October 28, 2010, http://www. uestia. com/PM. qst? a=o&d=8129097 [ 9 ]. John S Henderson, The World of Ancient Maya (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University, 1997), page #s, accessed October 28, 2010. [ 10 ]. Herbert J Spinden , Ancient Civilizations of Mexico and Central America (New York: Biblo and Tannen, 1968), page #s, accessed January 4, 2011, http://www. questiaschool. com/PM. qst? a=o&d=104407482. [ 11 ]. Herbert J Spinden, Ancient Civilizations of Mexico and Central America (New York: Biblo and Tannen, 1968), page #s, accessed January 4, 2011, http://www. questiaschool. com/PM. qst? a=o&d=104407482

Ethical Issues Of The Ottawa Hospital Board - 1518 Words

The purpose of this document is to present information, resources and a framework upon which board members can fully develop policies and procedures as they increase their awareness and recognition of ethical issues, risk of ethical conflicts, and put into practice ethical decision-making as it applies to and aligns with the mission, vision and values of The Ottawa Hospital (Appendix1)1. The objective is to provide guidelines, ethical tools and resources. Board members can work with and build upon these to develop an ethics protocol of ‘best practices’ that addresses their needs. Once fully developed they should feel enabled to proactively identify ethical issues, risk of ethical issues and conflicts of interest in roles on The Ottawa†¦show more content†¦However, situations still arise when knowing what is the right decision, or deciding between alternatives is not always clear, or is in fact difficult; other situations may leave you with feelings of uncertainty, distress or angst; a situation may occur where you know what is right to do but you feel pressure not to do it; other situations may occur where there are differing opinions at the table based upon the individuals beliefs and principles or you encounter a unique situation in which standard practices do not apply; or you simply ask yourself what would my family, friends or public think of me if I make this decision. Ethical policies and procedures support board members through these ethical dilemmas and toward ethically-based solutions. Steps for Ethical Guideline Creation and its Components 1- Appreciation of the importance and role that ethics and ethical guidelines bring to the organization through education is an important first step to fully engage board members in this framework-building process. As mentioned above, at the organizational level we have responsibilities to our hospitals, communities and other stakeholders so that we serve in their best interests. To do this we must be adequately informed; avoid conflicts of interest; make decisions fairly, objectively and transparently; mitigate risks; and properly account for financial accounting, all within ethical ‘best practices’2. There are many on-line resourcesShow MoreRelatedEffectiveness Of A Patient Care2361 Words   |  10 Pageson site.† (Madwar 703). In Ontario,Canada, Ottawa Hospital, created a dress code to address the concerns that had been expressed by patients. The Madwar article states, â€Å"Patients often had difficulty distinguishing between various tiers of clinical staf f, and for years, had written letters of complaint to the hospital stating that they couldn’t tell nurses apart from other health care workers†(703). Consequently, health care workers of Ottawa Hospital currently wear color coded scrubs that separateRead MoreLeadership and Governance3973 Words   |  16 PagesReflective Journal: Leadership and Governance Introduction Reflective practice is a highly significant way to develop the skills of students (Pavlovich, Collins, Jones, 2007). Because it has value and can help students to focus on the issues they see in governance and leadership, it is a practice that should be undertaken by all students working toward a better understanding of management. 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China And Its Impact On Chinese Citizens - 1537 Words

Over the last 50 years, china has experienced a meteoric growth economically to become one of the world’s most industrialized and modernized countries. One of the reasons for this accelerated growth of the country’s economy is the decision by the authorities to adopt an open economy aimed at tapping the benefits of globalization. During this period of economic growth, the country has progressively moved from a predominant agrarian society steeped in traditions to an industrialized and modernized society. This transformation has led to improvement of standards of living and increased industrial output, hence propelling the growth of China’s economy. This has not been without the conscious efforts by the government to undermine traditions in†¦show more content†¦More global organizations have taken advantage of globalization and free trade to sell their products in the Chinese market. This leads to greater affluence and improved living standards for the Ch inese people. Citizens are now able to access a wide range of life-improving commodities such as medicine and other consumer products. The sheer size of the Chinese population, at 1.3 billion, magnifies the advantages of state-controlled advanced manufacturing. This enables the country to enjoy the benefits of economies of scale in which more output is produced at minimal cost. These are benefits that were not there during the agrarian period of production which were characterized by low output and inefficiencies. The third advantage of modernization is the rapid growth of china’s manufacturing capacity in the last 20 years. This growth is as a result of a combination of political and social transformation that happened between 1948 and 1979. Though the social costs of this transformation were high, the resulting benefits were worth the efforts. This enabled China to grow at a faster rate economically than many countries that stuck to traditional methods (Hewitt 30). For example, in the year 1980, China and India were at the same economic level in terms of Gross Domestic Product and Per Capita Income. India’s economic development approach was focused on preserving the country’s tradition and heritage. This slowed down the country’s economic growth because the policyShow MoreRelatedThe Rise Of The Qing Dynasty852 Words   |  4 Pagesconsider it, a rebellion in China. This period of turmoil â€Å"was not only the most destructive war of the nineteenth century, but likely the bloodiest civil war of all time.† (Platt, 2012) The ruling government was the Qing dynasty, who had been in power since the mid 1600’s. 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Please do not consult your notes or readings (or classmates! ☠º ) Part One: Identify and explain the significance of **four** of the following terms. Give the date where appropriate. (8 points each, 32 points total. Recommended time:Read MoreThe Chinese Communist Revolution Was A Negative Impact On The Political And Economic Development Of China1393 Words   |  6 PagesThe Chinese Communist Revolution had a negative impact on the political and economic development of China. It also had a positive and negative impact on the social development in China. This caused the revolution to fail to meet the people s needs. Before the Chinese Communist Revolution, Mao Zedong became the leader of the Chinese Communist Party in 1921. After the Nationalist Party is created, the nationalists chase Mao and his rebels through china. This is known as the long march which unifiedRead MoreWhy China Is Buying U.s. 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